Crop production in Pakistan and low nitrogen use efficiencies

Shahzad, Ahmad Naeem; Qureshi, Muhammad Kamran; Wakeel, Abdul; Misselbrook, Tom

doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0429-5

Cited by 73 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Rice cultivation faces numerous abiotic stresses, disease infestation, non-availability of quality seed and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). All of these are regarded as major reasons for low average yield [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer improves yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic returns of transplanted fine rice

et al. 2021

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds to two-third of the global population by serving as staple food. It is the main export commodity of several countries; thus, contributes towards foreign exchange earnings. Unfortunately, average global rice yield is far below than its genetic potential. Low nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) is among the major reasons for low average yield. Current study evaluated the impact of nitrogen fertilizer application methods (conventional and deep placement) on growth, yield-related traits, chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis rate, agronomic N-use efficiency (ANUE), partial factors productivity of applied N (PFP) and economic returns of two different transplanted rice varieties (Basmati-515 and Super-Basmati). Fertilizer application methods significantly affected allometry, yield-related traits, chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis rate, ANUE, PFP and economic returns. Deep placement of N-fertilizer (DPNF) observed better allometric traits, high chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis rate, ANUE, PFP, yield attributes and economic returns compared to conventional application of N-fertilizer (CANF). Similarly, Basmati-515 had better allometric and yield-related traits, chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis rate, ANUE, PFP and economic returns than Super-Basmati. Regarding interactions among N-fertilizer application methods and rice varieties, Basmati-515 with DPNF resulted in higher chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis rate, ANUE, PFP, allometric and yield related traits and economic returns than CANF. The lowest values of these traits were observed for Super-Basmati with no application of N-fertilizer. Both varieties had better yield and economic returns with DPNF compared to CANF. It is concluded that DPNF improved yield, ANUE and economic returns; therefore, should be opted to improve productivity of transplanted fine rice. Nonetheless, lower nitrogen doses need to be tested for DPNF to infer whether it could lower N use in rice crop.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer improves yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic returns of transplanted fine rice

et al. 2021

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“…The CLCuV incidence was recorded on cultivars ‘RH-647’, ‘IR-NIBGE-7’ and ‘VH-305’, whereas maximum yield was recorded in ‘FH-Lalazar’. A recent study indicated low yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Pakistan [ 16 ]; however, ‘FH-Lalazar’ yielded almost double of the country’s national average, indicating that it can be recommended for cultivation. Regarding fiber characteristics, maximum GOT was recorded for cultivars ‘RH-647’, whereas maximum staple length was recorded for ‘SLH-8’ and ‘IUB-013’.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, insecticides pose adverse effects to environment, natural enemies and human health. Nonetheless, recent study by Shahzad et al [ 16 ] have indicated that cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency is low in Pakistan compared to developed world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest susceptibility, yield and fiber traits of transgenic cotton cultivars in Multan, Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), being a cash and fiber crop is of high significance in Pakistan. Numerous insect pests and viral diseases in Pakistan and around the world attack cotton crop. Genetically modified cotton (transgenic, resistant to lepidopteran insects), hereafter written as ‘ Bt -cotton’ has been introduced in many regions of the world to combat bollworms. However, cultivars differ in their pest susceptibility, yield response and fiber quality traits. Nonetheless, recent studies have indicated that lepidopteran pests are evolving resistance against ‘ Bt -cotton’. Several ‘ Bt -cotton’ cultivars have been developed in Pakistan in the past decade; however, limited is known about their pest susceptibility, seed-cotton yield and fiber quality traits. This two-year field study evaluated pest susceptibility, yield and fiber quality traits of thirteen newly developed ‘ Bt -cotton’ cultivars in Pakistan. The cultivars differed in their susceptibility to sucking insects during both years of study. The cultivars ‘FH-647’, ‘SLH-8’, ‘FH-Lalazar’ and ‘IUB-013’ were more susceptible to jassid, whereas ‘BS-52’ exhibited higher susceptibility to whitefly during both years of study. Similarly, cultivars ‘AGC-999’ and ‘MNH-992’ proved highly susceptible to thrips during each study year. Although ‘ Bt- cotton’ is resistant to bollworms, cultivars ‘SLAH-8’, ‘VH-305’ and ‘BH-184’ were susceptible to spotted bollworm, while ‘SLAH-8’, ‘RH-647’ and ‘VH-305’ were infested by American bollworm. The most susceptible cultivars to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) attack were ‘RH-647’, ‘IR-NIBGE-7’ and ‘VH-305’. The highest seed-cotton yield was recorded for ‘FH-Lalazar’ during both years of study. Similarly, the highest ginning out turn was recorded for cultivars ‘BS-52’, ‘VH-305’, ‘RH-647’, ‘IUB’ and ‘AA-919’. The cultivar ‘FH-Lalazar’ exhibited low pest susceptibility and CLCuV infestation compared to the rest of cultivars. The highest and the lowest gross and net incomes and benefit:cost ratio were noted for ‘FH-Lalazar’ and ‘RH-647, respectively. Keeping in view the low pest susceptibility and high seed-cotton yield, ‘FH-Lalazar’ could be recommended for higher yield and economic returns in Multan, Pakistan. Nonetheless, regional trials should be conducted for site-specific or region-specific recommendations.

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“…Pakistan has undergone remarkable progress in the development of Bt -cotton cultivars and numerous new Bt cultivars have been developed and approved in the country during the last decade [ 7 – 9 ]. This development has led to the reduction in area under cultivation of conventional (non- Bt ) cultivars, while Bt cultivars have witnessed an increase in the area under cultivation [ 7 , 10 ]. Genetically modified (GM) crops are cultivated on an area of 181.5 Mha globally and their area under cultivation is increasing by 3–4% each year [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of transgenic (Bt) and non-transgenic (non-Bt) cotton mulches on weed dynamics, soil properties and productivity of different winter crops

et al. 2020

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The introduction of transgenic cotton (Bt-cotton) for controlling bollworms has resulted in increased production; however, the residual effects of mulches from Bt-cotton are poorly understood. Therefore, the current study evaluated the impact of Bt and non-Bt cotton mulches on soil properties, weed dynamics and yield of winter crops sown after cotton. Three different winter crops, i.e., wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and two mulch types, i.e., Bt mulch (obtained from Bt-cotton cultivars, i.e., 'CIM-616' and 'GH-Mubarik') and non-Bt mulch (obtained from non-Bt cultivars, i.e., 'CIM-620' and 'N-414') were included in the study. The mulches were applied at a rate of 2 t ha-1 before planting the winter crops. The Bt and non-Bt mulches differentially affected soil properties, weed dynamics and productivity of winter crops. The non-Bt mulches decreased the soil bulk density and penetration resistance, while increased the soil porosity. Wheat crop increased the soil porosity, pH, available N and soil organic matter content. Overall, non-Bt mulches improved the productivity of winter crops compared with Bt mulches. The toxins released by Bt mulches lowered the weed density; however, it negatively influenced soil properties (bulk density and available nitrogen) and productivity of winter crops. Therefore, appropriate crop rotation measures may be opted for the soils cultivated with Bt-cotton to conserve soil and achieve yield sustainability for the crops sown after cotton. Nonetheless, non-Bt mulches can be used for improving soil properties and productivity of winter crops.

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Crop production in Pakistan and low nitrogen use efficiencies

Cited by 73 publications

References 33 publications

Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer improves yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic returns of transplanted fine rice

Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer improves yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic returns of transplanted fine rice

Pest susceptibility, yield and fiber traits of transgenic cotton cultivars in Multan, Pakistan

The influence of transgenic (Bt) and non-transgenic (non-Bt) cotton mulches on weed dynamics, soil properties and productivity of different winter crops

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