Cross‐Linked Sulfur–Selenium Polymers as Hole‐Transporting Materials in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells

Liu, Peng; Kloo, Lars; Gardner, James M.

doi:10.1002/cptc.201700037

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although the valence‐band energies differ slightly with photon energy, it is clear that the valence‐band edge is shifted to lower binding energies by the addition of selenium to the polymer. This suggests that the polymer becomes easier to oxidize upon addition of selenium and helps explaining the better hole transport observed upon selenium doping …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This modification of the polymer leads to a change in the valence electronic structure with the valence‐band edge shifting to lower binding energies upon addition of Se. This shift can explain the enhancement of the polymer conductivity upon Se addition observed in a previous study . For the characterization of the addition of LiTFSI to the polymer, we used the LowDose photoemission beamline to avoid X‐ray degradation of the sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of methods for converting elemental sulfur into a copolymer with organic linking groups offers new opportunities for the use of the excess of elemental sulfur produced in the oil refining and natural gas purification processes . Through this chemical conversion, the material becomes soluble in a variety of organic solvents and therefore offers opportunities for facile fabrication of thin film materials with potential applications in batteries, infrared sensors and solar cells . The processing of elemental sulfur into a copolymer with a backbone of sulfur‐sulfur bonds and cross‐linking with organic molecules was termed “inverse vulcanization”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we have investigated the electronic structure of poly(S‐r‐DIB) polymers using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) with soft and hard‐X‐rays (SOXPEF and HAXPES) for three different systems: a S:DIB polymer with a 1:1 ratio in the synthesis, a S:Se:DIB polymer, and the S:DIB polymer “doped” with LiTFSI. The polymers were synthesized as described previously and processed into thin films on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via spin‐coating from chlorobenzene solution. Photoelectron spectroscopy was subsequently carried out at the HIKE endstation at the KMC‐1 beamline at the synchrotron Bessy II using a photon energy of 3100 eV and at the LowDosePES endstation at the PM4 beamline for soft X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Through this chemical conversion, the materialb ecomes soluble in av ariety of organic solvents and therefore offers opportunities for facile fabrication of thin film materials with potential applicationsi nb atteries, [1,3,4] infrareds ensors [3,5] and solar cells. [6,7] The processing of elemental sulfur into ac opolymer with ab ackboneo fs ulfur-sulfur bonds andc ross-linking with organic molecules was termed "inverse vulcanization". The first polymer made in such aw ay was based on 1,3-diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as the cross-linker and was termed poly(S-r-DIB) or S:DIB (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross‐Linked Sulfur Polymers

et al. 2018

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Cross-linked polymers of elemental sulfur are of potential interest for electronic applications as they enable facile thin-film processing of an abundant and inexpensive starting material. Here, we characterize the electronic structure of a cross-linked sulfur/diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) polymer by a combination of soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SOXPES and HAXPES). Two different approaches for enhancing the conductivity of the polymer are compared: the addition of selenium in the polymer synthesis and the addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) during film preparation. For the former, we observe the incorporation of Se into the polymer structure resulting in a changed valence-band structure. For the latter, a Fermi level shift in agreement with p-type doping of the polymer is observed and also the formation of a surface layer consisting mostly of TFSI anions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross‐Linked Sulfur Polymers

et al. 2018

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Seleno‐Michael Reaction of Stable Functionalised Alkyl Selenols: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic Unsymmetrical Alkyl and Vinyl Selenides

et al. 2019

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Seleno-Michael additions of stable functionalised primary alkyl selenols to activated alkenes and alkynes are described. In the presence of Al 2 O 3 , β-hydroxy-, β-amino-, and β-mercapto selenols react smoothly with electron-poor alkenes and alkynes to afford the corresponding unsymmetrical functionalised dialkyl-and alkylÀ vinyl-selenides in good yield. The very mild conditions allow a broad range of selenols and Michael acceptors to be converted into the corresponding synthetically valuable seleno-Michael adducts, demonstrating high selectivity and excellent functional group tolerance. Hydroxy-and mercapto-substituted vinyl selenides were efficiently employed for the synthesis of functionalised 1,3-oxaselenolanes, 1,3-thiaselenolanes, and 1,4thiaselenanes through intramolecular oxa-and thia-Michael additions. Furthermore, a NaH-promoted lactonization enables the synthesis of variously substituted 2-oxo-1,4-oxaselenanes from hydroxyÀ vinylselenides. Evaluation of thiol peroxidase-like properties of novel functionalised organoselenides demonstrated that they possess a remarkable catalytic antioxidant activity.

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The Quest for Sulfur‐Containing Photoactive Materials: Molecular Precursors, Structures and Applications

Hennessey

Farràs

2017

ChemPhotoChem

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This Minireview summarises the most relevant work on sulfur‐containing systems and provides direction towards the preparation of novel photoactive materials. This contribution overviews the synthesis of sulfur‐containing organic ligands and metal complexes and their incorporation in surfaces, nanoparticles and frameworks, with the aim to highlight the most relevant applications of such materials. We focus on the use of sulfur‐containing anchoring groups to prepare advanced materials, although examples in which thiols provide decisive properties are also included, for example, stabilization of gold nanoparticles. From these, we provide a series of research directions that we and others are currently exploring to prepare new photoactive materials containing sulfur. These materials will take advantage of the plasmonic properties of thiol‐capped gold and silver nanoparticles and their use to enhance energy‐conversion technologies.

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Cross‐Linked Sulfur–Selenium Polymers as Hole‐Transporting Materials in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross‐Linked Sulfur Polymers

Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross‐Linked Sulfur Polymers

Seleno‐Michael Reaction of Stable Functionalised Alkyl Selenols: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic Unsymmetrical Alkyl and Vinyl Selenides

The Quest for Sulfur‐Containing Photoactive Materials: Molecular Precursors, Structures and Applications

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