“…Well-established production methods may, however, flatten the BIM implementation (Aram and Eastman, 2013;Dave and Sacks, 2020). Earlier studies suggest that BIM improvements are based on Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) (Aram and Eastman, 2013;Jupp and Nepal, 2014;Li et al, 2021;Pourzarei et al, 2020); the adoption of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) as the data model standard for delivering integrated building information (Dimyadi et al, 2016;Fu et al, 2006); the implementation of situationbased management approaches such as Last Planner (Bertelsen, 2005;Maraqa et al, 2021;Sbiti et al, 2021;Schimanski et al, 2020); proposing a central information repository as a multi-disciplinary collaboration platform (Ding and Kohli, 2021;Hamidavi et al, 2020;Ng et al, 2020;Singh et al, 2011), and modularisation through conceptualising buildings as products (Bertelsen, 2005;Sharif et al, 2022). These methods have common goals with BIM, including process fluency, and product data integrity among multiple systems through standardised information repository across building (product) lifecycles.…”