Cross-Reactive Chemical Sensor Arrays

Albert, Keith J.; Lewis, Nathan S.; Schauer, Caroline L.; Sotzing, Gregory A.; Stitzel, Shannon E.; Vaid, Thomas P.; Walt, David R.

doi:10.1021/cr980102w

Cited by 1,225 publications

(891 citation statements)

References 271 publications

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“…303 They transmit coherent images enabling combined imaging and sensing, relating the responses monitored by the sensor to observable physical changes. The Walt and Bakker groups have developed high-density microarray optical sensors for explosive-like vapors, 3,83,299 metal ions, 304 and bio-sensors. 305,306 In a similar approach McDevitt and coworkers used polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) and agarose microspheres arranged in micromachined cavities etched in silicon wafers for analysis of beverages.…”

Section: Nanosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing

2007

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There is an enormous demand for chemical sensors for many areas and disciplines. High sensitivity and ease of operation are two main issues for sensor development. Fluorescence techniques can easily fulfill these requirements and therefore fluorescent-based sensors appear as one of the most promising candidates for chemical sensing. However, the development of sensors is not trivial; material science, molecular recognition and device implementation are some of the aspects that play a role in the design of sensors. The development of fluorescent sensing materials is increasingly captivating the attention of the scientists because its implementation as a truly sensory system is straightforward. This critical review shows the use of polymers, sol-gels, mesoporous materials, surfactant aggregates, quantum dots, and glass or gold surfaces, combined with different chemical approaches for the development of fluorescent sensing materials. Representative examples have been selected and they are commented here.

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Section: Nanosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing

2007

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“…We further assume that the signal, S, obtained due to sorption of analyte into the polymer is linearly related to the sorbed analyte concentration through a sensitivity factor, X 1 , for each analyte/polymer combination [13]:…”

Section: Dependence Of Signal/noise On the Area Of A Carbon Black Commentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The slopes of these lines were À4.36 (R 2 ¼ 0:9988) and À0.910 (R 2 ¼ 0:9995) for hexane and methanol, respectively, sorbing into PEVA, and were À0.612 (R 2 ¼ 0:9977) and À0.930 (R 2 ¼ 0:9995) for hexane and methanol, respectively, sorbing into PCL. The slopes of the resulting lines were converted into partition coefficients using K ¼ 10 6 rRTm M w Df polymer P atm (13) where R in the ideal gas constant (l atm mol À1 K À1 ), r the density (g ml À1 ) of the polymer, T the temperature (K), m the slope of Df analyte versus concentration (Hz/ppth in air), M w the molecular weight (g mol À1 ) of the analyte, Df polymer (Hz) the frequency shift corresponding to deposition of the polymer, and P atm is the atmospheric pressure (atm). The partition coefficients for each analyte/polymer combination are displayed in Table 1.…”

Section: Determination Of Polymer/gas Partition Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The responses of such sorption-based detectors depend primarily on the partition coefficient of the gaseous analyte into the polymer [12]. Arrays of detectors, in which each element contains a chemically different polymer, have been demonstrated to allow discrimination between various vapors based on the differences in response patterns produced by the detector array [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploitation of spatiotemporal information and geometric optimization of signal/noise performance using arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors

Briglin

Freund

Tokumaru

et al. 2002

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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We have investigated various aspects of the geometric and spatiotemporal response properties of an array of sorption-based vapor detectors. The detectors of specific interest are composites of insulating organic polymers filled with electrical conductors, wherein the detector film provides a reversible dc electrical resistance change upon the sorption of an analyte vapor. An analytical expression derived for the signal/noise performance as a function of detector volume implies that there is an optimum detector film volume which will produce the highest signal/noise ratio for a given carbon black-polymer composite when exposed to a fixed volume of sampled analyte. This prediction has been verified experimentally by exploring the response behavior of detectors having a variety of different geometric form factors. We also demonstrate that useful information can be obtained from the spatiotemporal response profile of an analyte moving at a controlled flow velocity across an array of chemically identical, but spatially nonequivalent, detectors. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these design principles, incorporated with an analysis of the changes in detector signals in response to variations in analyte flow rate, to obtain useful information on the composition of analytes and analyte mixtures. #

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“…32,33 Uptake of small organic molecules changes the chain conformation and affects charge carrier hopping between the chains. The degree of swelling depends on the partial vapor pressure and the interaction between the polymer and organic vapor.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanowire Conductive Polymer Gas Sensor Patterned Using Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Lithography

et al. 2008

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Nanostructured conjugated organic thin films are essential building blocks for highly integrated organic devices. We demonstrate the largearea fabrication of an array of well-ordered 15 nm wide conducting polymer nanowires by using an etch mask consisting of self-assembled patterns of cylinder-forming poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane) diblock copolymer confined in topographic templates. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) nanowires operated as an ethanol vapor sensor, suggesting that the electronic properties of the organic film were preserved during the patterning processes. The higher sensitivity to ethanol vapor, compared to an unpatterned film with the same thickness, was attributed to the enhanced surface-to-volume ratio of the nanowire array.A molecular rectifier, theoretically proposed by Ratner and Aviram in 1974, was the starting point for a boom in molecular electronics research that has persisted for the last three decades. 1 Later, single-molecule field-effect transistors and logic gates were also conceptually proposed, 2 and Reed et al. first reported single-molecule conductance measurements through benzene-1,4-dithiol. 3 The development of conductive polymers has continued to attract interest for many different applications including optoelectronic devices, 4-6 field effect transistors, 7,8 and chemical or biological sensors. 8,9 In these applications, device performance has been improved by miniaturizing the feature sizes down to the nanoscale regime, 10,11 and there is considerable interest in methods that enable the patterning of electronically active polymers on the nanoscale.Various fabrication techniques have been developed for generating conducting polymer nanowires. Chemical or electrochemical growth without templates usually produces entangled nanowires with a large distribution in diameter and length, which is undesirable in terms of performance and reproducibility, despite the convenience of fabrication. 12-17 For better-organized structures, scanning-probe and electronbeam patterning have been employed to direct the growth of conducting polymer nanowires. 11,18,19 Recently, spontaneous ordering of polymer nanowires was induced within a submicron gap between electrodes fabricated using a focused ion beam. 20 However, the throughput and manufacturability of these methods are limited by the serial nature of the patterning techniques. Well-ordered conducting polymer nanopatterns have also been produced by nanoimprint lithography, 21 but this technique requires fabrication of master molds.In this communication, we report fabrication of well-ordered arrays of 15 nm wide, 35 nm period poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer nanowires, made over areas of several square centimeters using a self-assembled block copolymer mask, and we demonstrate the capability of the patterned structures to act as an ethanol vapor sensor, confirming the preservation of the electronic properties of the PEDOT:PSS during patterning. Bloc...

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Cross-Reactive Chemical Sensor Arrays

Cited by 1,225 publications

References 271 publications

Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing

Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing

Exploitation of spatiotemporal information and geometric optimization of signal/noise performance using arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors

Nanowire Conductive Polymer Gas Sensor Patterned Using Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Lithography

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