Cross‐Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review

Ge, Xiao‐jing; Zhang, Lei; Xiang, Gang; Hu, Yongcheng; Lun, Dengxing

doi:10.1111/os.12757

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…Of course, there are many means to measure tissue thickness [24,10]. However, none we found fulfilled our need for i) being non-destructive, ii) having a high spa-tial resolution, iii) providing continuous spatial maps, and iv) being fast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The impact of thickness heterogeneity on soft tissue biomechanics: a novel measurement technique and a demonstration on heart valve tissue

Lin

Mathur

Malinowski

et al. 2022

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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The mechanical properties of soft tissues are driven by their complex, heterogeneous composition and structure. Interestingly, studies of soft tissue biomechanics often ignore spatial heterogeneity. In our work, we are therefore interested in exploring the impact of tissue heterogeneity on the mechanical properties of soft tissues. Therein, we specifically focus on soft tissue heterogeneity arising from spatially-varying thickness. To this end, our first goal is to develop a non-destructive measurement technique that has a high spatial resolution, provides continuous thickness maps, and is fast. Our secondary goal is to demonstrate that including spatial variation in thickness is important to the accuracy of biomechanical analyses. To this end, we use mitral valve leaflet tissue as our model system. To attain our first goal, we identify a soft tissue-specific contrast protocol that enables thickness measurements

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The impact of thickness heterogeneity on soft tissue biomechanics: a novel measurement technique and a demonstration on heart valve tissue

Lin

Mathur

Malinowski

et al. 2022

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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“…The chicken tendons were acquired from the third digit, which was the longest and therefore considered more suitable for study [ 12 , 13 ]. The cross section area (CSA) was calculated by approximating the cross section to an ellipse [ 14 , 15 ] ( S = Πab/4, where a and b are the average values of major and minor axes of the ellipse measured three times by a vernier-caliper with a precision of 0.02 mm, which was placed vertically to the long axis of the tendon). The CSA of tendons of porcine (23.544 ± 4.450 mm 2 ) and chicken (2.076 ± 0.511mm 2 ) is significantly different, representing two different sizes of tendons to simulate the different sizes encountered in the clinic [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Templated freezing: a simple method may increase gripping force of the clamp on the tendon

Wang

2022

J Orthop Surg Res

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Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of combining a customized mold with frozen conventional clamps against other freezing and non-freezing methods. Methods Forty-five porcine and 45 chicken tendons were evenly divided into five groups (n = 9 + 9/group): control group, non-freezing with gauze placed between tendon and clamp (gauze), non-freezing with suture fixation at tendon ends (suture), freezing with dry ice pocket placed at the clamps (pocket), and freezing using a templated liquid nitrogen clamp with a customized mold (mold). Tension tests were used to measure failure modes and loads. Result Slippage and avulsion were observed in non-freezing groups with significantly lower failure loads compared to freezing methods. With freezing, rupture occurred near the central point only in the mold group. The failure loads for porcine tendons in the mold group were higher (2121.651 ± 73.101 N) than the pocket group (1746.337 ± 68.849 N). The failure loads of chicken tendons in the mold (243.552 ± 15.881 N) and pocket groups (260.647 ± 22.161 N) were not statistically different. Conclusion Freezing clamps represent the better choice for soft tissue clamping. The customized mold method could improve gripping effectiveness.

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“…The length of the tendons was measured, followed by the determination of the cross-sectional area (CSA). Several methods have been proposed dealing with the determination of the CSA, such as [29][30][31][32]. Therefore, as fast specimen preparation has to be fulfilled to reduce tissue dehydration as much as possible, the method presented in [29] was chosen to be applied in this study since it is reported as simple, rapid, and non-destructive method.…”

Section: Specimen Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Gracilis and Quadriceps Tendons Calibration Device for Uniaxial Tensile Tests

et al. 2021

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To determine the biomechanical properties of the distal tendon of the gracilis muscle and the upper third of the quadriceps femoris muscle used for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), it is necessary to develop a calibration device for specimen preparation for uniaxial tensile tests. The need to develop this device also stems from the fact that there is currently no suitable regulatory or accurate protocol by which soft tissues such as tendons should be tested. In recent studies, various methods have been used to prepare test specimens, such as the use of different ratios of gauge lengths, different gripping techniques, etc., with the aim of obtaining measurable and comparable biomechanical tissue properties. Since tendons, as anisotropic materials, have viscoelastic properties, the guideline for manufacturing calibrator devices was the ISO 527-1:1993 standard, used for testing polymers, since they also have viscoelastic behaviour. The functionality of a calibrator device was investigated by preparing gracilis and quadriceps tendon samples. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used for the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry. The proposed calibrator could operate in two positions, horizontal and vertical. The maximum gauge length to be achieved was 60 mm, with the maximum tendon length of 120 mm. The average preparation time was 3 min per tendon. It was experimentally proven that it is possible to use a calibrator to prepare tendons for tensile tests. This research can help in the further development of soft tissue testing devices and also in the establishment of standards and exact protocols for their testing.

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Cross‐Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review

Cited by 15 publications

References 108 publications

The impact of thickness heterogeneity on soft tissue biomechanics: a novel measurement technique and a demonstration on heart valve tissue

The impact of thickness heterogeneity on soft tissue biomechanics: a novel measurement technique and a demonstration on heart valve tissue

Templated freezing: a simple method may increase gripping force of the clamp on the tendon

The Development of a Gracilis and Quadriceps Tendons Calibration Device for Uniaxial Tensile Tests

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