Cross Talk Between Native and Second Languages: Partial Activation of an Irrelevant Lexicon

Spivey, Michael J.; Marian, Viorica

doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00151

Cited by 374 publications

(430 citation statements)

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“…The most convincing evidence here comes from a series of studies by Marian and colleagues Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003;Spivey & Marian, 1999). Using an eyetracking paradigm with real objects, they repeatedly found that participants instructed in L2 to pick up target objects, often looked at distractor objects that were phonologically similar in L1 to the respective L2 target.…”

Section: Bilingual Word Recognition In Sentencesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access.

Duyck¹,

Assche²,

Drieghe³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

223

274

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Recent research on bilingualism has shown that lexical access in visual word recognition by bilinguals is not selective with respect to language. The present study investigated language-independent lexical access in bilinguals reading sentences, which constitutes a strong unilingual linguistic context. In the first experiment, Dutch-English bilinguals performing a L2 lexical decision task were faster to recognize identical and non-identical cognate words (e.g. banaan -banana) presented in isolation than control words.A second experiment replicated this effect when the same set of cognates was presented as the final words of low-constraint sentences. In a third experiment using eyetracking, we showed that early target reading time measures also yield cognate facilitation, but only for identical cognates. These results suggest that a sentence context may influence, but does not nullify, cross-lingual lexical interactions during early visual word recognition by bilinguals. Keywords: bilingualism, visual word recognition, sentence context, cognate Bilingual Word Recognition in Sentences 3Visual Word Recognition by Bilinguals in a Sentence Context: Evidence for Non-selective Lexical AccessDuring the last decade, research on visual word recognition in bilinguals has been dominated by studies investigating whether both languages are processed by functionally and structurally independent systems or not. The most intuitively appealing theory about this issue would probably be that bilinguals have two separate language systems and lexicons: one for the native language (L1) and one for the second language ( L2). However, a lot of evidence has been gathered against this hypothesis: interlingual interactions have been observed at different representational levels, even when bilinguals are processing unilingual sets of words and therefore have no reason to keep an irrelevant language active. Thus far, the majority of these studies have focused on orthographic lexical representations. They have consistently shown that access to these representations is not language specific. Orthographic lexical representations from L2 are accessed during (and interact early with) L1 reading and vice versa (e.g., Dijkstra, Timmermans, & Schriefers, 2000;Dijkstra, Grainger, & Van Heuven, 1999;Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2002; for a recent review, see Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002). Recently, a few studies have shown that the languageindependent lexical access claim also holds for phonological representations. For example, Duyck (2005) has shown that masked nonword primes are coded through L1 grapheme conversion rules when reading L2 target words (and vice versa), suggesting that phonological representations from one language may be activated when reading in another language (see also Jared & Kroll, 2001).Because the ongoing debate has almost been settled in favor of this language-independent lexical access hypothesis (for both orthographic and phonological lexical representations), it may be time to put into question the ecological validity and ...

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Section: Bilingual Word Recognition In Sentencesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access.

Duyck¹,

Assche²,

Drieghe³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

223

274

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, in word recognition studies, an influence of L2 proficiency on the degree of L2 interference during L1 processing has indeed been reported. For instance, being highly immersed in an L2 environment has been associated with increased interference from L2 during L1 comprehension in a visual world task (Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003;Spivey & Marian, 1999). Furthermore, the cognate facilitation effect (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The second language interferes with picture naming in the first language: evidence for L2 activation during L1 production

Klaus

Lemhöfer

Schriefers

2018

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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Previous research has shown that when speakers produce words in their second language (L2), they also activate the phonological form of the translation of the word in their first language (L1). Here we investigated whether this holds in the opposite direction, i.e. when participants speak in exclusively in their L1. In a picture-word interference task, speakers named pictures in their L1 Dutch ("mes" [knife]) while ignoring L2 English auditory distractors phonologically related to the English translation of the target ("knight") or unrelated ("plane"). Naming latencies were longer in the related compared to the unrelated condition, suggesting that the L2 translations were activated up to the phonological level. However, this pattern was only obtained when speakers were addressed in the target language (Dutch) throughout the experiment. Moreover, the size of this effect did not depend on individual L2 proficiency. We conclude that co-activation of two languages is not restricted to the dominant language.ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…In auditory word recognition, Spivey and Marian (1999) found that Russian-English bilinguals, immersed in an Englishspeaking environment, were sensitive to form similarity between a Russian word and the English name of an object. This was shown in a visual world eyetracking experiment, in which subjects' eye movements to a visual scene where monitored as they listened to speech.…”

Section: Bilingual Language Processing Is Language Non-selectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Cues for Language Selection in Bilinguals

Hartsuiker

2015

Attention and Vision in Language Processing

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Bilinguals need to select the right language for the particular context they are in, but how do they do this? One possibility is that they exploit visual cues from the context such as people's faces, so that recognition of the face increases the availability of the language associated with that face. This chapter first examines the degree to which bilinguals activate multiple languages and how this is constrained by linguistic cues and then discusses three new lines of research that investigate visual language cueing. Specifically, these new research lines suggest effects on language processing of (a) the language associated with familiar people's faces (e.g., German for Angela Merkel); (b) language that people associate with the race of unknown faces (e.g., Chinese for an Asian face, English for a white face); (c) language associated with cultural icons (e.g., Russian for a picture of the Kremlin).Hartsuiker -visual cues for language in bilingualism 3

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Cross Talk Between Native and Second Languages: Partial Activation of an Irrelevant Lexicon

Cited by 374 publications

References 20 publications

Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access.

Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access.

The second language interferes with picture naming in the first language: evidence for L2 activation during L1 production

Visual Cues for Language Selection in Bilinguals

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