Crossing the Street Across the Globe: A Study on the Effects of eHMI on Pedestrians in the US, Germany and China

Weber, Florian; Chadowitz, Ronee; Schmidt, Kathrin; Messerschmidt, Julia; Fuest, Tanja

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22666-4_37

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This outcome shows no clear cultural differences in encounter situations with an AV when the pedestrians understand the signals and situation. In contrast to the international tests of Weber et al [26], a setting was created in which the subjects knew from the outset that they would encounter an AV that indicated its future state via signals, as understood by the subjects. This means that the subjects did not directly refer to old behavioral patterns but rather adapted to this new kind of encounter situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It could be observed that the Asian subjects tended to wait until the vehicle completely stopped before they made their crossing decision. Weber et al [26] conducted an international virtual reality-based study with 29 subjects from the USA, 23 from China and 30 from Germany. The comprehensibility of different symbols and light animations showing an AV's intention was tested by recording button presses.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the small number of subjects, the results of Pillai [19] could be regarded as a tendency and Weber et al [26] show that cultural differences in the comprehensibility of symbols can exist. This is also partly consistent with the research of Shinar et al [32], who conducted a cross-cultural study in four countries to investigate the comprehensibility of traffic signs.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Singer

Kobbert

Zandi

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

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Additional signaling devices for highly automated vehicles (AVs) that can communicate their driving state to other road users can simplify the integration process in existing road traffic. This paper presents the results of an international, virtual reality-based study conducted in China, South Korea and the USA in which subjects assume the role of a pedestrian and are placed in direct encounter situations with an AV in a parking lot. A novel communication interface consisting of three displays is attached to the AV's front and used to show additional information about its driving state. In total, three encounter scenarios are investigated: the AV approaches from the left, front and right outside of the pedestrian's line of sight. The influence of different symbol types on the subject's moving behavior, recognition of intention and perceived safety is investigated. The results show that additional signals ensure a better perception of the AV's intention and increase the perceived safety. The moving behavior of subjects is significantly changed when additional signals are used during driving tasks compared to the same tasks without such signals. The change of moving behaviour is similar in encounter situations where the AV approaches from the left and front but differs in encounter situations from the right. These results could equally be proven for all nationalities, which shows that a uniform, international solution for additional signaling devices of highly automated vehicles is possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Singer

Kobbert

Zandi

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

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show abstract

“…Using a similar setup, Ackermans [19] found that an eHMI consisting of a light animation made participants feel safer to cross compared to no eHMI. Weber et al [20], also using an HMD, found benefits of eHMIs in terms of correct recognition rate of the vehicle's intention as well as response times. Due to their high visual field of view, HMDs offer a higher level of perceptual fidelity than survey studies.…”

Section: Of 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do eHMIs Affect Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior? A Study Using a Head-Mounted Display Combined with a Motion Suit

2019

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In future trac, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine crossing the road, and unable or not allowed to do so. We investigated the effects of eHMIs on participants’ crossing behavior. Twenty-four participants were immersed in a virtual urban environment using a head-mounted display coupled to a motion-tracking suit. We manipulated the approaching vehicles’ behavior (yielding, nonyielding) and eHMI type (None, Text, Front Brake Lights). Participants could cross the road whenever they felt safe enough to do so. The results showed that forward walking velocities, as recorded at the pelvis, were, on average, higher when an eHMI was present compared to no eHMI if the vehicle yielded. In nonyielding conditions, participants showed a slight forward motion and refrained from crossing. An analysis of participants’ thorax angle indicated rotation towards the approaching vehicles and subsequent rotation towards the crossing path. It is concluded that results obtained via a setup in which participants can cross the road are similar to results from survey studies, with eHMIs yielding a higher crossing intention compared to no eHMI. The motion suit allows investigating pedestrian behaviors related to bodily attention and hesitation.

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“…Though not very common, there exists some research that investigate cross-cultural aspects related to AV-pedestrian interaction. For example, Weber et al [23] studied the potential of external human machine interfaces (eHMIs) across three cultures, Germany, United States and China. Based on the results, the authors suggest that eHMIs should not be used in different cultures without considering necessary cultural adaptations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction Across Cultures: Towards Designing Better External Human Machine Interfaces (eHMIs)

Ranasinghe

Holländer

Currano

et al. 2020

Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Drivers and pedestrians use various culturally-based nonverbal cues such as head movements, hand gestures, and eye contact when crossing roads. With the absence of a human driver, this communication becomes challenging in autonomous vehicle (AV)-pedestrian interaction. External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for AV-pedestrian interaction are being developed based on the research conducted mainly in North America and Europe, where the traffic and pedestrian behavior are very structured and follow the rules. In other cultures (e.g., South Asia), this can be very unstructured (e.g., pedestrians spontaneously crossing the road at non-cross walks is not very uncommon). However, research on investigating cross-cultural differences in AV-Pedestrian interaction is scarce. This research focuses on investigating cross-cultural differences in AV-Pedestrian interaction to gain insights useful for designing better eHMIs. This paper details three cross-cultural studies designed for this purpose, and that will be deployed in two different cultural settings: Sri Lanka and Germany.

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Crossing the Street Across the Globe: A Study on the Effects of eHMI on Pedestrians in the US, Germany and China

Cited by 39 publications

References 21 publications

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

How Do eHMIs Affect Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior? A Study Using a Head-Mounted Display Combined with a Motion Suit

Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction Across Cultures: Towards Designing Better External Human Machine Interfaces (eHMIs)

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