Crowdsourcing Accessibility: Human-Powered Access Technologies

Brady, Erin; Bigham, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.1561/9781680830354

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…For example, some users thought they could not be hacked when the helper is trying to ind the page for them, not completing the task on their behalf. Such concerns align with prior work on crowdsourcing showing that while privacy concerns may hinder adoption [17], they can be mitigated by making users aware of how systems operate [39], which in our case could include statements such as łhelp is anonymousž or łthere's no direct connection between your computer and the helper's. ž Other solutions are ainity groups, (e.g., workplace [40], friends, family), which also came up in our study, and reputation systems [67].…”

Section: Long-term Intentssupporting

confidence: 65%

“Every Website Is a Puzzle!” : Facilitating Access to Common Website Features for People with Visual Impairments

Barbosa

Hayes

Kaushik

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Access. Comput.

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Navigating unfamiliar websites is challenging for users with visual impairments. While many websites offer visual cues to facilitate access to pages/features most websites are expected to have (e.g., log in at the top-right), such visual shortcuts are not accessible to users with visual impairments. Moreover, while such pages serve the same functionality across websites (e.g., to log in, to sign up), the location, wording, and navigation path of links to these pages vary from one website to another. Such inconsistencies are challenging for users with visual impairments, especially for users of screen readers, who often need to linearly listen to content of pages to figure out how to access certain website features. To study how to improve access to main website features, we iteratively designed and tested a command-based approach for main features of websites via a browser extension powered by machine learning and human input. The browser extension gives users a way to access high-level website features (e.g., log in, find stores, contact) via keyboard commands. We tested the browser extension in a lab setting with 15 Internet users, including 9 users with visual impairments and 6 without. Our study showed that commands for main website features can greatly improve the experience of users with visual impairments. People without visual impairments also found command-based access helpful when visiting unfamiliar, cluttered, or infrequently visited websites, suggesting that this approach can support users with visual impairments while also benefiting other user groups (i.e., universal design). Our study reveals concerns about the handling of unsupported commands and the availability and trustworthiness of human input. We discuss how websites, browsers, and assistive technologies could incorporate a command-based paradigm to enhance web accessibility and provide more consistency on the web in order to benefit users with varied abilities when navigating unfamiliar or complex websites.

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Section: Long-term Intentssupporting

confidence: 65%

“Every Website Is a Puzzle!” : Facilitating Access to Common Website Features for People with Visual Impairments

Barbosa

Hayes

Kaushik

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Access. Comput.

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“…People with visual impairments have concerns about aural and visual eavesdropping in public when using screen readers and screen magnifiers, respectively [26][27][28][29]. Prior work also suggests that this user group may not notice privacy/security risks in their environment or inherent in the technology they use [30]. The use of accessible technologies can also draw unwanted attention and potential exploitation [31].…”

Section: People With Visual Impairmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessible Privacy

Wang

Price

2022

Modern Socio-Technical Perspectives on Privacy

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End-user privacy mechanisms have proliferated in various types of devices and application domains. However, these mechanisms were often designed without adequately considering a wide range of underserved users, for instance, people with disabilities. In this chapter, we focus on the intersection of accessibility and privacy, paying particular attention to the privacy needs and challenges of people with disabilities. The key takeaway messages of this chapter are as follows: (1) people with disabilities face heightened challenges in managing their privacy; (2) existing end-user privacy tools are often inaccessible to people with disabilities, making them more vulnerable to privacy threats; and (3) design guidelines are needed for creating more accessible privacy tools.

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“…Crowdsourcing accessibility refers to human-powered access technologies that leverage human workforce to accomplish tasks beyond the capabilities of computers (Brady and Bigham, 2015). Zyskowski et al (2015) studied the crowdworkers with disabilities via some interviews of 17 disabled crowdworkers and job coaches for people with disabilities and a survey of 631 adults with disabilites.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowdsourced real-time captioning of sign language by deaf and hard-of-hearing people

Shiraishi

Zhang

Wakatsuki

et al. 2017

IJPCC

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the issues on how to achieve crowdsourced real-time captioning of sign language by deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) people, such that how a system structure should be designed, how a continuous task of sign language captioning should be divided into microtasks and how many DHH people are required to maintain a high-quality real-time captioning. Design/methodology/approach The authors first propose a system structure, including the new design of worker roles, task division and task assignment. Then, based on an implemented prototype, the authors analyze the necessary setting for achieving a crowdsourced real-time captioning of sign language, test the feasibility of the proposed system and explore its robustness and improvability through four experiments. Findings The results of Experiment 1 have revealed the optimal method for task division, the necessary minimum number of groups and the necessary minimum number of workers in a group. The results of Experiment 2 have verified the feasibility of the crowdsourced real-time captioning of sign language by DHH people. The results of Experiment 3 and Experiment 4 have shown the robustness and improvability of the captioning system. Originality/value Although some crowdsourcing-based systems have been developed for the captioning of voice to text, the authors intend to resolve the issues on the captioning of sign language to text, for which the existing approaches do not work well due to the unique properties of sign language. Moreover, DHH people are generally considered as the ones who receive support from others, but our proposal helps them become the ones who offer support to others.

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Crowdsourcing Accessibility: Human-Powered Access Technologies

Cited by 8 publications

References 88 publications

“Every Website Is a Puzzle!” : Facilitating Access to Common Website Features for People with Visual Impairments

“Every Website Is a Puzzle!” : Facilitating Access to Common Website Features for People with Visual Impairments

Accessible Privacy

Crowdsourced real-time captioning of sign language by deaf and hard-of-hearing people

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