Crushing of Double-Walled Corrugated Board and Its Influence on the Load Capacity of Various Boxes

Gajewski, Tomasz; Garbowski, Tomasz; Staszak, Natalia; Kuca, Małgorzata

doi:10.3390/en14144321

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…During the simulation, no local deformations (buckling) between peaks of the waves in bending in the machine direction were present, and the stiffness simulation was not performed using the opposite bending moment. The authors of [ 42 ] carried out extended laboratory tests on the crushing of 5-layer corrugated paperboard to study the influence of fully controlled crushing (with a precision of ±10 μm). The range of corrugated board crushing was from 10 to 70% of its initial thickness with increments of 10%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Study of Five-Layer Non-Symmetrical Paperboard Panel Stiffness

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper concerns the analysis of five-layer corrugated paperboard subjected to a four-point bending test. The segment of paperboard was tested to determine the bending stiffness. The investigations were conducted experimentally and numerically. The non-damaging tests of bending were carried out in an elastic range of samples. The detailed layers of paperboard were modelled as an orthotropic material. The simulation of flexure was based on a finite element method using Ansys® software. Several material properties and thicknesses of papers in the samples were taken into account to analyse the influence on general stiffness. Two different discrete models based on two geometries of paperboard were considered in this study to validate the experimental stiffness. The present analysis shows the possibility of numerical modelling to achieve a good correlation with experimental results. Moreover, the results of numerical estimations indicate that modelling of the perfect structure gives a lower bending stiffness and some corrections of geometry should be implemented. The discrepancy in stiffness between both methods ranged from 3.04 to 32.88% depending on the analysed variant.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Study of Five-Layer Non-Symmetrical Paperboard Panel Stiffness

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most analyses were based on simplified analytical formulas; only the part regarding the numerical homogenization used the basics of the finite element method. The homogenization method has already been extensively described in [ 45 , 49 , 50 , 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common are the box compression test (BCT), the bending stiffness (BS), and the edge crush test (ECT) [ 12 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. The crushing of single- and double-walled corrugated boards was discussed in Gajewski et al [ 49 ] and Garbowski et al [ 50 ]. Moreover, the bending test (BNT), the shear stiffness test (SST), and the torsional stiffness test (TST) are also relevant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of Double-Walled Corrugated Board Packaging

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Designing corrugated board packaging is a real challenge, especially when the packaging material comes from multiple recycling. Recycling itself is a pro-ecological and absolutely necessary process, but the mechanical properties of materials that are processed many times deteriorate with the number of cycles. Manufacturers are trying to use unprecedented design methods to preserve the load-bearing capacity of packaging, even when the material itself is of deteriorating quality. An additional obstacle in the process of designing the structure of paper packaging is the progressive systematic reduction of the grammage (the so-called lightweight process) of corrugated cardboard. Therefore, this research presents a critical look at the process of optimal selection of corrugated cardboard for packaging structures, depending on the paper used. The study utilizes analytical, simplified formulas to estimate the strength of cardboard itself as well as the strength of packaging, which are then analyzed to determine their sensitivity to changes in cardboard components, such as the types of paper of individual layers. In the performed sensitivity analysis, numerical homogenization was used, and the influence of initial imperfections on the packaging mechanics was determined. The paper presents a simple algorithm for the optimal selection of the composition of corrugated cardboard depending on the material used and the geometry of the packaging, which allows for a more conscious production of corrugated cardboard from materials derived, e.g., from multiple recycling.

show abstract

“…It can be evidently noticed that only in two cases (Board 2 and Board 6) the theoretical BS is higher than experimentally measured BS. This is an alarming observation, because in the case of real structures made of corrugated board, the cross-section is rarely ideal (usually the corrugated board is slightly crushed [67,68]), which means that the measured bending stiffness values should rather be lower than theoretical. Not only the theoretical values of BS are lower than those measured experimentally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Determination of the Bending Stiffness of a Five-Layer Corrugated Cardboard with Imperfections

Garbowski

Knitter-Piątkowska

2022

Materials

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bending stiffness (BS) is one of the two most important mechanical parameters of corrugated board. The second is edge crush resistance (ECT). Both are used in many analytical formulas to assess the load capacity of corrugated cardboard packaging. Therefore, the correct determination of bending stiffness is crucial in the design of corrugated board structures. This paper focuses on the analytical determination of BS based on the known parameters of the constituent papers and the geometry of the corrugated layers. The work analyzes in detail the dependence of the bending stiffness of an asymmetric, five-layer corrugated cardboard on the sample arrangement. A specimen bent so that the layers on the lower wave side are compressed has approximately 10% higher stiffness value. This is due to imperfections, which are particularly important in the case of compression of very thin liners. The study showed that imperfection at the level of a few microns causes noticeable drops in bending stiffness. The method has also been validated by means of experimental data from the literature and simple numerical finite element model (FEM). The obtained compliance of the computational model with the experimental model is very satisfactory. The work also included a critical discussion of the already published data and observations of other scientists in the field.

show abstract

Crushing of Double-Walled Corrugated Board and Its Influence on the Load Capacity of Various Boxes

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Numerical and Experimental Study of Five-Layer Non-Symmetrical Paperboard Panel Stiffness

Numerical and Experimental Study of Five-Layer Non-Symmetrical Paperboard Panel Stiffness

Optimal Design of Double-Walled Corrugated Board Packaging

Analytical Determination of the Bending Stiffness of a Five-Layer Corrugated Cardboard with Imperfections

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About