Cryogenic LED pixel-to-frequency mapper for kinetic inductance detector arrays

Liu, Xianfeng; Guo, W.; Wang, Y.; Wei, L. F.; McKenney, Christopher; Dober, Bradley; Billings, Tashalee S.; Hubmayr, Johannes; Ferreira, L.; Vissers, Michael

doi:10.1063/1.4994170

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Previous measurements of the group 1 resonators in this wafer found a relative frequency shift between resonators of order ∼ 1.5% with a mostly radial dependence 17 , similar to the spread in group 2 resonators. Figure 3(c) plots the measured frequency separation between adjacent resonators, ∆ = f n − f n−1 /f n .…”

Section: Test Array Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Since the design ∆ of the group 1 resonators is smaller than the observed scatter of ∆ in group 2, we might expect shuffling of the frequency ordering of resonators in group 1 with respect to the designed serpentine pattern. By use of the recently developed LED pixel mapper 17 , we successfully mapped the measured resonator frequencies to the physical resonators. Indeed we observe frequency shuffling as shown in the numbered pixel layout of Fig.…”

Section: Test Array Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tile-and-trim micro-resonator array fabrication optimized for high multiplexing factors

McKenney,

Austermann,

Beall

et al. 2018

Preprint

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We present a superconducting micro-resonator array fabrication method that is scalable, reconfigurable, and has been optimized for high multiplexing factors. The method uses uniformly sized tiles patterned on stepper photolithography reticles as the building blocks of an array. We demonstrate this technique on a 101-element microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) array made from a titanium-nitride superconducting film. Characterization reveals 1.5% maximum fractional frequency spacing deviations caused primarily by material parameters that vary smoothly across the wafer. However, local deviations exhibit a Gaussian distribution in fractional frequency spacing with a standard deviation of 2.7 × 10 −3 . We exploit this finding to increase the yield of the BLAST-TNG 250 µm production wafer by placing resonators in the array close in both physical and frequency space. This array consists of 1836 polarization-sensitive MKIDs wired in three multiplexing groups. We present the array design and show that the achieved yield is consistent with our model of frequency collisions and is comparable to what has been achieved in other low temperature detector technologies.

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Section: Test Array Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Test Array Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tile-and-trim micro-resonator array fabrication optimized for high multiplexing factors

McKenney,

Austermann,

Beall

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…3(a) and (b). As discussed in our previous paper [26], this is caused by a radial non-uniformity of T c across the wafer in multilayer TiN/Ti/TiN films. Resonators near the turns of the meandering feedline are in general located on the outer ring of the wafer where the T c is lower and kinetic inductance is higher, leading to the larger negative deviation of the resonance frequency.…”

Section: First Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…However, it is difficult to correctly correspond each resonance to its physical resonator on the wafer because the resonances are shifted from their design values due to wafer nonuniformity. In this step, we use the LED wafer mapping tool that we have previously developed especially for this purpose [26] to establish the correspondence between the measured frequency f mea,i and the number of fingers N IDC,i of the i-th resonator on the wafer.…”

Section: First Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superconducting micro-resonator arrays with ideal frequency spacing

Liu

Guo

Wang

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We present a wafer trimming technique for producing superconducting micro-resonator arrays with highly uniform frequency spacing. With the light-emitting diode (LED) mapper technique demonstrated previously, we first map the measured resonance frequencies to the physical resonators. Then, we fine-tune each resonator's frequency by lithographically trimming a small length, calculated from the deviation of the measured frequency from its design value, from the interdigitated capacitor. We demonstrate this technique on a 127-resonator array made of titanium-nitride (TiN) and show that the uniformity of frequency spacing is greatly improved. The array yield in terms of frequency collisions improves from 84 % to 97 %, while the quality factors and noise properties are unaffected. The wafer trimming technique provides an easy-to-implement tool to improve the yield and multiplexing density of large resonator arrays, which is important for various applications in photon detection and quantum computing.

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“…The physical location of each resonator was mapped at NIST-Boulder using an custom array of optical light-emiting diodes (LEDs) designed for each FPA. 27,28 The three BLAST-TNG detector arrays are shown in Fig. 4.…”

Section: Mkid Detector Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preflight characterization of the BLAST-TNG receiver and detector arrays

Lourie

Ade

Angilè

et al. 2018

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

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The Next Generation Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST-TNG) is a submillimeter mapping experiment planned for a 28 day long-duration balloon (LDB) flight from McMurdo Station, Antarctica during the 2018-2019 season. BLAST-TNG will detect submillimeter polarized interstellar dust emission, tracing magnetic fields in galactic molecular clouds. BLAST-TNG will be the first polarimeter with the sensitivity and resolution to probe the ∼0.1 parsec-scale features that are critical to understanding the origin of structures in the interstellar medium.BLAST-TNG features three detector arrays operating at wavelengths of 250, 350, and 500 µm (1200, 857, and 600 GHz) comprised of 918, 469, and 272 dual-polarization pixels, respectively. Each pixel is made up of two crossed microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). These arrays are cooled to 275 mK in a cryogenic receiver. Each MKID has a different resonant frequency, allowing hundreds of resonators to be read out on a single transmission line. This inherent ability to be frequency-domain multiplexed simplifies the cryogenic readout hardware, but requires careful optical testing to map out the physical location of each resonator on the focal plane. Receiver-level optical testing was carried out using both a cryogenic source mounted to a movable xy-stage with a shutter, and a beam-filling, heated blackbody source able to provide a 10-50 • C temperature chop. The focal plane array noise properties, responsivity, polarization efficiency, instrumental polarization were measured. We present the preflight characterization of the BLAST-TNG cryogenic system and array-level optical testing of the MKID detector arrays in the flight receiver.

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Cryogenic LED pixel-to-frequency mapper for kinetic inductance detector arrays

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Tile-and-trim micro-resonator array fabrication optimized for high multiplexing factors

Tile-and-trim micro-resonator array fabrication optimized for high multiplexing factors

Superconducting micro-resonator arrays with ideal frequency spacing

Preflight characterization of the BLAST-TNG receiver and detector arrays

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