Cryptic species unveiled: the case of the nematode <i>Spauligodon atlanticus</i>

Jorge, Fátima; Perera, Ana; Carretero, Miguel Á.; Harris, D. James; Roca, V.

doi:10.1111/jzs.12019

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Parapharyngodon cubensis is distinguished from these and other species by differences in the male spicule length, the number of papillae and the characteristics of the cloacal lip (smooth or echinate; Barus & Otero 1969;Bursey & Goldberg 2005;Jim enez et al 2008). Samples from Hispaniola and Saba provide further evidence of cryptic species diversity within P. cubensis (data not shown), which is similar to the pattern found in the Pharyngodonids on the Canary Islands (Jorge et al 2011(Jorge et al , 2013. We expect that the taxonomy of P. cubensis will remain uncertain until more molecular data are collected from throughout its range.…”

Section: And Locality Information Insupporting

confidence: 63%

Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles

Falk

Perkins

2013

Molecular Ecology

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Host specificity is one of the potential factors affecting parasite diversification because gene flow may be facilitated or constrained by the number of host species that a parasite can exploit. We test this hypothesis using a costructure approach, comparing two sympatric pinworm parasites that differ in host specificity - Parapharyngodon cubensis and Spauligodon anolis - on the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix in the Caribbean. Spauligodon anolis specializes on Anolis lizards, whereas P. cubensis parasitizes Anolis lizards as well as many other species of lizards and snakes. We collected lizards from across the Puerto Rican Bank and St. Croix, sampled them for S. anolis and P. cubensis and generated nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from the parasites. We used these data to show that P. cubensis is comprised of multiple cryptic species that exhibit limited population structure relative to S. anolis, which is consistent with our prediction based on their host specificity. We also provide evidence that the distribution of P. cubensis species is maintained by competitive exclusion, and in contrast to previous theoretical work, the parasites with the greatest number of host species also reach the highest prevalence rates. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that host specificity shapes parasite diversification, and suggest that even moderate differences in host specificity may contribute to substantial differences in diversification.

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Section: And Locality Information Insupporting

confidence: 63%

Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles

Falk

Perkins

2013

Molecular Ecology

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“…The three reptile taxa exhibit different ecology: Gallotia lizards are diurnal and grounddwelling, Chalcides skinks are also diurnal but semi-fossorial and Tarentola geckos are crepuscular/nocturnal and saxicolous (Mateo, Ayres, & L opez-Jurado, 2011). Interestingly, each taxon has colonized the archipelago following a distinct pathway (Figure 1c,d, (Jorge, Perera, Carretero, Harris, & Roca, 2013;Jorge et al, 2011;Spaul, 1926). While S. atlanticus and S. occidentalis have been found infecting Gallotia lizards in eastern and western islands, respectively (Jorge et al, 2011;, S. tarentolae has been only found in Tarentola geckos from the island of Tenerife.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting there and around: Host range oscillations during colonization of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon

et al. 2018

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Episodes of expansion and isolation in geographic range over space and time, during which parasites have the opportunity to expand their host range, are linked to the development of host-parasite mosaic assemblages and parasite diversification. In this study, we investigated whether island colonization events lead to host range oscillations in a taxon of host-specific parasitic nematodes of the genus Spauligodon in the Canary Islands. We further investigated whether range oscillations also resulted in shifts in host breadth (i.e., specialization), as expected for parasites on islands. Parasite phylogeny and divergence time estimates were inferred from molecular data with Bayesian methods. Host divergence times were set as calibration priors after a priori evaluation with a global-fit method of which individual host-parasite associations likely represent cospeciation links. Parasite colonization history was reconstructed, followed by an estimation of oscillation events and specificity level. The results indicate the presence of four Spauligodon clades in the Canary Islands, which originated from at least three different colonization events. We found evidence of host range oscillations to truly novel hosts, which in one case led to higher diversification. Contemporary host-parasite associations show strong host specificity, suggesting that changes in host breadth were limited to the shift period. Lineages with more frequent and wider taxonomic host range oscillations prior to the initial colonization event showed wider range oscillations during colonization and diversification within the archipelago. Our results suggest that a lineage's evolutionary past may be the best indicator of a parasite's potential for future range expansions.

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“…However, application of molecular tools is starting to show that some parasites currently considered as a single species actually consist of genetically different lineages or cryptic species (e.g. Jorge et al, 2012Jorge et al, , 2013a. Reptiles are parasitized by various helminth species, typically occurring in depauperate communities (Aho, 1990), possibly due to characteristics of the hosts such as the simplicity of the alimentary canal, their low vagility, a nonspecialized diet, and characteristics of the parasites such as direct life cycles (Roca & Hornero, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this family includes 21 genera, only a few of these are typically found in insectivorous lizards, with Spauligodon the most commonly reported (Roca et al, 2020). Recent nematode surveys of reptiles in the Mediterranean region resulted in several new host records and descriptions of new spe-cies (Jorge et al, 2011(Jorge et al, , 2013a(Jorge et al, , 2014. Despite the high diversity of reptiles in Morocco, parasites from these hosts remain poorly studied, with a few incidental assessments as part of surveys at the Canary Islands (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent nematode surveys of reptiles in the Mediterranean region resulted in several new host records and descriptions of new species ( Jorge et al, 2011 , 2013a , 2014 ). Despite the high diversity of reptiles in Morocco, parasites from these hosts remain poorly studied, with a few incidental assessments as part of surveys at the Canary Islands (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A phylogenetic assessment of nematodes (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) infecting Moroccan lizards

et al. 2022

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Summary Molecular tools can be used to estimate the phylogeny of species and to identify cryptic diversity, but their use for parasites has lagged behind that of free-ranging organisms. As an example, in North Africa there is minimal molecular data available for helminth parasites of lizards. In this work we used two molecular markers (the nuclear 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit 1) to investigate the diversity of nematodes of the family Pharyngodonidae parasitizing three genera of lizards from Morocco (Chalcides, Quedenfeldtia and Tarentola) and to explore their co-evolutionary history. Morphological assessments indicated that members of three genera were present: Spauligodon, Thelandros, and Parapharyngodon. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences indicated the monophyly of the genus Spauligodon, and that some lineages could be distinguished, including Spauligodon auziensis from the host species Tarentola mauritanica, and another unnamed lineage from hosts of the genus Chalcides. However, with this slow-evolving marker some species could not be distinguished. The genus Thelandros was not monophyletic, although relationships were not strongly supported. Analysis of the faster evolving mitochondrial marker clearly separated various species of Spauligodon, as well as distinct unnamed lineages identified in the host genus Chalcides and the host Quedenfeldtia moerens.

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Cryptic species unveiled: the case of the nematode Spauligodon atlanticus

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles

Host specificity shapes population structure of pinworm parasites in Caribbean reptiles

Getting there and around: Host range oscillations during colonization of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon

A phylogenetic assessment of nematodes (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) infecting Moroccan lizards

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