Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ireland linked to public water supply

Jennings, Phil; Rhatigan, Annette

doi:10.2807/esw.06.22.02089-en

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Recently, as inferred by outbreak surveillance data, recreational, drinking and fountain waters have been identified as important source of community infections worldwide ( Table 4 ) [ 6 ]. In Ireland, as several recent waterborne outbreaks have shown ( Table 4 ) [ 80 , 98 , 99 ] and as thoroughly discussed by the latest paper of Cheng et al, 2009 on the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater treatment plants [ 100 ], cryptosporidiosis poses a significant threat to public health. In a recent study [ 51 ], performed on human stool samples collected in diversified geographical areas of Ireland, Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Cryptosporidiosis a “Waterborne Disease”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Putignani

Menichella

2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

185

159

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Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Cryptosporidiosis a “Waterborne Disease”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Putignani

Menichella

2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

185

159

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“…Genotyping to species level helped to identify the sources of contamination responsible for the three outbreaks in Northern Ireland during 2000 and 2001 [ 23 ] and the 2002 outbreak in Westmeath [ 31 ]. However, in the absence of a National Cryptosporidium Reference Laboratory, genotyping is not routinely carried out, although this information would be vital for a better understanding of the chief transmission routes of the parasite on this island.…”

Section: Diagnosis and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Irish perspective on Cryptosporidium. Part 2

et al. 2006

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Cryptosporidiosis, a protozoal disease which causes significant morbidity in humans, is one of the chief causes of diarrhoea in neonatal ruminants. although the parasite poses a significant threat to public health and animal health in Ireland, its epidemiology on the island is only poorly understood. Environmental studies have shown the waterborne parasite to be widespread in some untreated waterbodies around Ireland. The island's hydrogeological situation, combined with high stocking rates of livestock and the absence of filtration from regular water treatment, render it vulnerable to large-scale outbreaks. This review discusses the parasite in the Irish context and underlines the need for a reference facility to provide active surveillance on the island.

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“…Heavy rainfall and flooding contributed to an increased risk of Cryptosporidium infection in European countries. Confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases were mainly reported in the United Kingdom (UK) [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] and the Republic of Ireland [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], while only one large cryptosporidiosis outbreak was detected in Germany [ 42 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A strong statistical correlation has been demonstrated between the reported cryptosporidiosis cases and the residence in an area supplied from two groundwater sources, one of which was found to drain surface water directly from a field carrying cattle feces [ 35 ]. In the Republic of Ireland, two cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in April–May 2002 and February–March 2007, and all of the cases were found in regions that used lakes surrounded by farmland as the water source [ 38 , 39 ]. The entry of animal waste into the lake could have been facilitated by heavy rainfall [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Republic of Ireland, two cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in April–May 2002 and February–March 2007, and all of the cases were found in regions that used lakes surrounded by farmland as the water source [ 38 , 39 ]. The entry of animal waste into the lake could have been facilitated by heavy rainfall [ 38 , 39 ]. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the lake’s raw and treated water, as well as in the surrounding environment [ 38 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Climate Crisis and the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic

Mavrouli

Mavroulis

Lekkas

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Hydrometeorological hazards comprise a wide range of events, mainly floods, storms, droughts, and temperature extremes. Floods account for the majority of the related disasters in both developed and developing countries. Flooding alters the natural balance of the environment and frequently establish a favorable habitat for pathogens and vectors to thrive. Diseases caused by pathogens that require vehicle transmission from host to host (waterborne) or a host/vector as part of their life cycle (vector-borne) are those most likely to be affected by flooding. Considering the most notable recent destructive floods events of July 2021 that affected several Central Europe countries, we conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify documented sporadic cases and outbreaks of infectious diseases in humans in Europe, where hydrometeorological hazards, mainly floods, were thought to have been involved. The occurrence of water-, rodent-, and vector-borne diseases in several European countries is highlighted, as flooding and the harsh post-flood conditions favor their emergence and transmission. In this context, strategies for prevention and management of infectious disease outbreaks in flood-prone and flood-affected areas are also proposed and comprise pre- and post-flood prevention measures, pre- and post-outbreak prevention measures, as well as mitigation actions when an infectious disease outbreak finally occurs. Emphasis is also placed on the collision of floods, flood-related infectious disease outbreaks, and the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in unprecedented multi-hazard conditions and requires a multi-hazard approach for the effective disaster management and risk reduction.

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Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ireland linked to public water supply

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

An Irish perspective on Cryptosporidium. Part 2

Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Climate Crisis and the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic

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