Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water and drinking water: Animal sources and towards the use of a machine-learning approach as a tool for predicting contamination

Ligda, Panagiota; Claerebout, Edwin; Kostopoulou, Despoina; Ζdragas, Αntonios; Casaert, Stijn; Robertson, Lucy J.; Sotiraki, Smaragda

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114766

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…In these countries, C. parvum is responsible for numerous waterborne, foodborne, and animal contact-associated outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in the general community ( Insulander et al, 2013 ; Chalmers et al, 2019 ). Of particular concern is the common occurrence of waterborne outbreaks of C. parvum -associated cryptosporidiosis ( Zahedi and Ryan, 2020 ), as this species is the dominant Cryptosporidium species in drinking source water in most industrialized nations ( Swaffer et al, 2018 ; Ligda et al, 2020 ; Mphephu et al, 2021 ). Identical distribution of Cryptosporidium species has been found between farms animals and downstream surface water, supporting the contribution of CAFOs to environmental contamination of oocysts ( Zahedi et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Transmission Of Z...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

et al. 2022

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Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.

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Section: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Transmission Of Z...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

et al. 2022

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“…Cryptosporidium and Giardia are genera of parasitic protozoa responsible for worldwide outbreaks of enteric diseases that have been reported throughout decades (Efstratiou et al 2017;Ligda et al 2020). Monitoring cysts and oocysts (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(oo)cysts from water samples, which allows quantifying these organisms and offers material to assess microbiological risk within water sources. However, there are inherent analytical challenges associated with the detection of these pathogens (Ligda et al 2020). In addition, some matrices such as filter backwash water (FBW) differ from water samples in physicochemical properties, as those derived by naturally occurring debris from raw water (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), coagulant residuals (particularly dissolved metals and polymers), among others, that directly interfere in turbidity and pH. These may lead such matrices to an incompatibility with Method 1623.1 protocol (USEPA 2012), which is also costly and requires specialized professionals (Ligda et al 2020). All of these make research in alternative recovery methods timely, especially when considering places where neglected tropical diseases are predominant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferric sulphate flocculation as a concentration method for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in filter backwash water

Silva

Sabogal-Paz

2021

Water Practice and Technology

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Filter backwash water (FBW) is a prominent residue from water treatment plants (WTPs) that is often disposed into water bodies or recycled within the WTP without due disinfection. FBW usually contains particles within a size range that includes pathogenic protozoa, as the infective forms of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, parasites responsible for waterborne diseases outbreaks. Quantifying (oo)cysts is essential for addressing this matter, as it might assist research on giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis epidemiology, as well as shed light onto disinfection technologies for FBW. However, (oo)cyst recovery from FBW and other complex matrices still lacks a standard protocol and entails specialized professionals and expensive material. Seeking to provide insight in a reduced-cost recovery method, this study analysed the recovery efficiency (RE) obtained by acid flocculation with ferric sulphate, a common coagulant, on bench-scale simulated FBW. Steps included concentration by flocculation, centrifugation, and quantification by immunofluorescence. Although recovery was sufficient for Cryptosporidium parvum (40.59%), Method 1623.1 recommendations were not reached for Giardia muris (1.76%). Coefficients of variation obtained for both organisms were not satisfactory, highlighting the variability to which environmental matrices are subjected and why defining a methodology for (oo)cyst recovery in WTP residues is important.

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“…The associated pathogens were found to be Escherichia coli, Bi dobacterium, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholera, Cryptosporidium and Giardia etc., and they are related to intestinal infection, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, cholera and diarrhea (Li &Chen 2019). Cryptosporidium and Giardia often cause waterborne outbreaks of disease due to their zoonotic potential and impact on human health (Ligda et al 2020). The estimated number of bacteria that could be associated with a single invertebrate (based on average invertebrate numbers) ranged from 10 to 4,000 bacteria per organism (Wolmarans et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in drinking water by PMS/UV-C: efficiency and mechanisms

Chen

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The occurrence an d infestations of chlorine-resistant invertebrates in drinking water distributions have attracted concerns on water quality in China, making effective deactivation imperative. This study presents a no vel strategy for nematode ( Caenorhabditis elegans ) deactivation using peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/UV-C. The results indicated that 100% deactivation e ciency was obtained under optimal conditions. An acidic pH and 0.25 mg/L Fe(II) were bene cial to the PMS/UV-C-triggered deactivation of nematodes. A mechanism study demonstrated that was activated by UV-C to produce • OH and • SO 4 -, which resulted in oxidative stress and stimulated the occurrence of cell apoptosis, leading to nematode deactivation. The results reveal PMS/UV-C as an alternative to chlorination in water treatment plants (WTP) or an emergency application when chlorine-resistant invertebrates breed in a second-supply water tank, is a promising strategy for disinfection. This approach afforded the advantages of avoiding the production of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBP) and greater e cacy of nematode deactivation. This work will provide ideas for on-going research efforts into chlorine-resistant invertebrate deactivation, and eventually achieve the direct drinking of municipal tap water.

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water and drinking water: Animal sources and towards the use of a machine-learning approach as a tool for predicting contamination

Cited by 43 publications

References 105 publications

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Ferric sulphate flocculation as a concentration method for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in filter backwash water

Deactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in drinking water by PMS/UV-C: efficiency and mechanisms

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