Cryptosporidium occultus sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in rats

Kváč, Martin; Vlnatá, Gabriela; Ježková, Jana; Horčičková, Michaela; Konečný, Roman; Hlásková, Lenka; McEvoy, John; Sak, Bohumil

doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.02.001

Cited by 56 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The accurate detection and characterisation of eukaryotic microbes is central to determining their potential infection sources and transmission routes, particularly given that there are at least 37 described species of Cryptosporidium [22–24], eight assemblages of Giardia duodenalis [25] and more than 200 genotypes of E. bieneusi [20] to discern. Therefore, the use of molecular (particularly PCR-based) methods has become crucial for any molecular epidemiological investigation [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

et al. 2018

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BackgroundEukaryotic pathogens, including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) around the world. Australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of South America, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. Here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in V. pacos in Australia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 81 herds, comprising alpacas of 6 weeks to 26 years of age, were sampled from the six Australian states (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia) across the four seasons. PCR-based sequencing was employed, utilising genetic markers in the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) and 60-kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) genes for Cryptosporidium, triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene for Giardia duodenalis and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) for Enterocytozoon bieneusi.ResultsPCR-based analyses of 81 faecal DNA samples representing 1421 alpaca individuals detected Cryptosporidium, Giardia and/or Enterocytozoon on 15 farms in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, equating to 18.5% of all samples/herds tested. Cryptosporidium was detected on three (3.7%) farms, G. duodenalis on six (7.4%) and E. bieneusi on eight (9.9%) in two or all of these three states, but not in Queensland, Tasmania or Western Australia. Molecular analyses of selected faecal DNA samples from individual alpacas for Cryptosporidium, Giardia and/or Enterocytozoon consistently showed that alpacas of ≤ 6 months of age harboured these pathogens.ConclusionsThis first molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca subpopulations in Australia has identified species and genotypes that are of likely importance as primary pathogens of alpacas, particularly young crias, and some genotypes with zoonotic potential. Although the prevalence established here in the alpaca subpopulations studied is low, the present findings suggest that crias are likely reservoirs of infections to susceptible alpacas and/or humans. Future studies should focus on investigating pre-weaned and post-weaned crias, and on exploring transmission patterns to establish what role particular genotypes play in neonatal or perinatal diarrhoea in alpacas and in zoonotic diseases in different states of Australia.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3055-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

et al. 2018

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“…C. occultus, named by Martin Kvác in 2018 [15], and was previously known as Cryptosporidium suis-like, due to the close phylogenetic relationship with C. suis. However, oocysts of C. occultus are morphologically indistinguishable from other species/genotypes, while oocysts of C. occultus are smaller than those of C. suis [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…occultus, named by Martin Kvác in 2018 [15], and was previously known as Cryptosporidium suis-like, due to the close phylogenetic relationship with C. suis. However, oocysts of C. occultus are morphologically indistinguishable from other species/genotypes, while oocysts of C. occultus are smaller than those of C. suis [15]. Previous phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA, actin, and hsp70 genes revealed 0.3, 2.0, and 2.1% sequence divergence from C. suis, respectively, hence C. occultus and C. suis can be distinguished genetically [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although C. occultus has a wide host range (cattle, yak, water buffalo, and rat), one study showed that rats are the main host [15]. To date, only two cases of humans infected with C. occultus have been reported, in Canada and in England [57,58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, at least 39 species of Cryptosporidium have been identified [13][14][15][16], and at least 21 species are considered zoonotic, among which C. hominis and C. parvum are the two main pathogens causing cryptosporidiosis in humans [17]. However, in recent years, with the development of molecular biological technologies, the number of cryptosporidiosis cases confirmed to be caused by other Cryptosporidium species has increased, and some species or genotypes are predominant in specific countries or regions.…”

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First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2020

BMC Infect Dis

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Background: Cryptosporidium is a genus of common intestinal protozoa, members of which cause diarrhea in a wide variety of hosts. Previous studies on Cryptosporidium in China have mainly focused on diarrhea sufferers, children, and immunodeficient individuals such as HIV/AIDS patients. However, the epidemiological characteristics of Cryptosporidium in the population in rural areas remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, Cryptosporidium in rural areas of Binyang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and genetically characterized the Cryptosporidium isolates we obtained.Methods: From August to December 2016, two villages in Binyang County, Guangxi, were sampled using a random cluster sampling method. Fresh fecal samples were collected from all eligible residents (residence time > 6 months). Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium was carried out based on its SSU rRNA, gp60, actin and hsp70 gene sequences. Fisher's exact test were conducted to assess the risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection. Results: A total of 400 fecal samples were collected from 195 males (48.8%) and 205 females (51.2%). Two samples (0.5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium and were identified as C. viatorum and C. occultus respectively. Moreover, a new C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h was identified based on the sequence of the gp 60 gene. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. viatorum and C. occultus infections in humans in China and of C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h. The findings provide important information on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the Chinese population, and expand the range of Cryptosporidium species known to infect people in China.

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Burdens ofAscarisspp. andCryptosporidiumspp. parasites in farm pigs in Ghana

Larbi

Addo

Ofosu-Amoako

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background: Worldwide, intestinal parasites significantly affect the health and production of pigs.Objective: This study assessed the prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infection in pigs in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality of Ghana.Method: Faecal samples from two hundred (200) pigs on four different farms (labelled A, B, C, D) were processed using the Kinyoun modified Ziehl-Neelsen method for Cryptosporidium and the Formol-ether sedimentation method for Ascaris and microscopically examined to identify parasites to the genus level. Results:The prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium in the pigs was 76% and 77%, respectively. The weaners had the highest Ascaris prevalence (96.15%) with the piglets recording the least (59.25%). On the other hand, the piglets had the highest prevalence (88.89%) for Cryptosporidium with the boars, sows and weaners recording 75.86%, 75.42% and 73.08% respectively. The prevalence of Ascaris was high in farm D (78.57%) while Cryptosporidium was highest in farm C (86.11%). Generally, there was a significant difference (p = 0.044) in the mean distribution of Cryptosporidium in the pigs. Conclusion:The high burden of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infections in the pigs suggest the need to adopt and implement effective control measures.

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Cryptosporidium occultus sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in rats

Cited by 56 publications

References 32 publications

First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h

Burdens ofAscarisspp. andCryptosporidiumspp. parasites in farm pigs in Ghana

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