Cryptosporidium: Waterborne and Foodborne Transmission and Worldwide Outbreaks

Karanis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_16

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The ubiquities Cryptosporidium oocysts can contaminate soil, food, and water sources ( 9 ). Previous studies about the molecular features of Cryptosporidium have been performed in Iran ( 10 , 11 ); few data are available in free-range animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Some Free-Ranging Animals in the Transmission of Multi-Host Species of Cryptosporidium Spp.

Mirzaghavami,

Sadraei,

Pirestani

et al. 2023

IJPA

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Background: We aimed to characterize Cryptosporidium spp. in rats, cats, pigeons, and crows. Methods: Fifty-five animal origin Cryptosporidium spp. genome were identified, genotyped and confirmed by nested PCR and of RFLP-PCR analysis as well as sequenced based on 18s rRNA and gp60 genes in Tehran (2012-2019). Finally, the phylogenetic analysis was performed by MEGA software (version 7). Results: By the molecular method, Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 24 (15.2%), 15 (15%), 2 (2%) and 13 (13%) cases of wild rats, cat, pigeon, and crow, respectively. Among the identified species by the RFLP pattern, most isolates were identified as C. parvum (24/157) 17.8% in rats, (15/100) 15% in cats, (13/100) 13%in crew and (2/100) 2% in pigeons; and the rest of the cases were C. muris and C. felis. The results of sequencing did not prove the existence of C. parvum, C. felis, C. muris, and rat genotype. Subtyping of C. parvum was indicated that the dominant subtype family belongs to the IId family and the subtype A20G1 was the most common subtype detected in all hosts while A19G1 was detected in one isolate of cat and pigeon. Conclusion: Free-ranging animals are infected by species/subtype of Cryptosporidium, which can infect humans. This shows by itself the hygienic importance of the free-ranging animals in urban ecosystems. In the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis, the multi-host Cryptosporidium species such as C. parvum, C. felis, and C. muris can be transferred potentially from these animals to humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Some Free-Ranging Animals in the Transmission of Multi-Host Species of Cryptosporidium Spp.

Mirzaghavami,

Sadraei,

Pirestani

et al. 2023

IJPA

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“…Oocysts are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments such as chlorination (Fayer et al, 2000). Indeed, these persistent parasites have been found to be responsible for majority of the global protozoal water outbreaks that occurred from 2004-2010 (Karanis, 2018) and pose the biggest pathogen threat to the water industry (Chalmers, 2012). In the United States, exposure to treated recreational water such as swimming pools and water playgrounds was responsible for nearly 35% of the reported cryptosporidiosis outbreaks resulting in almost 57% cases during 2009(Gharpure et al, 2019.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review

Khan

Witola

2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout the world. The parasite is transmitted by ingestion of infective oocysts that are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments. Control of the parasite infection is exceedingly difficult due to the excretion of large numbers of oocysts in the feces of infected individuals that contaminate the environment and serve as a source of infection for susceptible hosts including humans and animals. Drug development against the parasite is challenging owing to its limited genetic tractability, absence of conventional drug targets, unique intracellular location within the host, and the paucity of robust cell culture platforms for continuous parasite propagation. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of Cryptosporidium infections is nitazoxanide, which has shown moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients. More importantly, no effective therapeutic drugs are available for treating severe, potentially life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock. Thus, safe, inexpensive, and efficacious drugs are urgently required to reduce the ever-increasing global cryptosporidiosis burden especially in low-resource countries. Several compounds have been tested for both in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the disease. However, to date, only a few experimental compounds have been subjected to clinical trials in natural hosts, and among those none have proven efficacious. This review provides an overview of the past and present anti-Cryptosporidium pharmacotherapy in humans and agricultural animals. Herein, we also highlight the progress made in the field over the last few years and discuss the different strategies employed for discovery and development of effective prospective treatments for cryptosporidiosis.

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“…This has important implications for tracing the zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium, as Sanger sequencing may not detect zoonotic species and subtypes that are present at low abundance and therefore incorrect conclusions regarding zoonotic transmission may be made [72]. The zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium can take place via direct contact with an infected person and/or consumption of contaminated drinking water or food and/or inhalation of oocysts from contaminated air with aerosolized droplets or fomites [41,77]. Additionally, synanthropic flies (suborder: Cyclorapha) play a crucial role in the mechanical transmission and spread of infection [78].…”

Section: Species Genotypes/subtypes and Host Spectrum Of Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: From Prevention to Treatment, a Narrative Review

Helmy

Hafez

2022

Microorganisms

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Cryptosporidiosis is a water- and food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the protozoon parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium. C. hominis and C. parvum are the main two species causing infections in humans and animals. The disease can be transmitted by the fecal–oral route as well as the respiratory route. The infective stage (sporulated oocysts) is resistant to different disinfectants including chlorine. Currently, no effective therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available to treat and control Cryptosporidium infection. To prevent cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals, we need to understand better how the disease is spread and transmitted, and how to interrupt its transmission cycle. This review focuses on understanding cryptosporidiosis, including its infective stage, pathogenesis, life cycle, genomics, epidemiology, previous outbreaks, source of the infection, transmission dynamics, host spectrum, risk factors and high-risk groups, the disease in animals and humans, diagnosis, treatment and control, and the prospect of an effective anti-Cryptosporidium vaccine. It also focuses on the role of the One Health approach in managing cryptosporidiosis at the animal–human–environmental interface. The summarized data in this review will help to tackle future Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals and reduce the disease occurrence.

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Cryptosporidium: Waterborne and Foodborne Transmission and Worldwide Outbreaks

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

The Role of Some Free-Ranging Animals in the Transmission of Multi-Host Species of Cryptosporidium Spp.

The Role of Some Free-Ranging Animals in the Transmission of Multi-Host Species of Cryptosporidium Spp.

Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review

Cryptosporidiosis: From Prevention to Treatment, a Narrative Review

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