IntroductionRuddlesden-Popper (RP) phases are considered as promising candidates for cathode materials in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) as they can exhibit high mixed oxide-ion and electronic conductivities. 1-4 They have a layered inter-growth structure with alternating layers of perovskite and rock-salt type blocks. A high electronic conductivity may be provided by the perovskite layers and a high oxygen ion mobility by vacancies or interstitials in the rock-salt layers. Phases like Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7Àd have also been studied with respect to their magnetic properties 5 and how they vary with the tuneable parameter of the oxygen content. In a previous study, we investigated RP n ¼ 2 member phases Sr 3Àx Y x Fe 1.25 Ni 0.75 O 7Àd , 0 # x # 0.75. 6 The ideal stoichiometry of an n ¼ 2 RP phase is A 3 B 2 O 7 , where A is an alkaline-earth or rare-earth element, B is a transition metal element, and the structure contains two ABO 3 perovskite layers that alternate with single AO rock-salt layers, For real n ¼ 2 RP phases, the O1 site may be partially or totally vacant and the O3 site may also be partially vacant, while no evidence for O2 vacancies has been found. [8][9][10][11][12][13] The O content per formula unit, 7 À d, may be as low as 5.45.9 For oxygen-decient phases the probable B atom coordination polyhedra are, in varying proportions, octahedra, square pyramids, trigonal bipyramids and tetrahedra, Fig. 2.10 Further types of coordination polyhedra are certainly theoretically possible but we hold them less likely to be present in signicant proportions. For instance, two O3 missing would correspond to a IV-coordination similar to that found for Fe atoms in brownmillerite, although very distorted. The results from XANES suggest, however, that the Fe atoms are predominantly V-coordinated for all x-values.In this study, the structures for een different compositions of Sr 3Àx Y
View Article OnlineView Journal | View Issue the study is partly to provide a part of the basis for a better understanding of how RP n ¼ 2 phases can be tailored for IT-SOFC applications and partly to characterize the disorder in the structures from a fundamental point of view. Structural information gained from the NPD data has been supplemented by information from Ni and Fe K-edge EXAFS and XANES spectra.
Experimental section
Sample preparationThe phases Sr 3Àx Y Time-of-ight (TOF) NPD patterns were collected at room temperature for some of the samples with the POLARIS instrument at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, England, and for the rest with the POWGEN instrument at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA. The structural parameters were rened using the Rietveld method and the Topas soware.14 The space group I4/mmm was used in all renements.Cation compositions were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) micro-analysis with a JEOL 7000F SEM equipped with an Oxford Inca EDS system.Iron and nickel K-edge EXAFS and XANES spectra were measured at the I811 beamline at the MAXlab fac...