Crystal violet: Study of the photo-fading of an early synthetic dye in aqueous solution and on paper with HPLC-PDA, LC-MS and FORS

Confortin, Daria; Neevel, Han; Brustolon, Marina; Franco, Lorenzo; Kettelarij, Albert J; Williams, René M.; Bommel, Maarten R. van

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/231/1/012011

Cited by 39 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, it saw a widespread diffusion as an artist material starting from the end of the 19th century and was used among the others by Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin in their writings, drawings, and paintings. [5,6] Tryarylmethane dyes were probably introduced in Asia soon after their invention, as suggested by their ubiquitous use in the woodblock prints of the Meiji periods shown in this article.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Despite their wide range of applications, triarylmethane dyes are extremely sensitive to light exposure. A series of studies have dealt with the identification of the photo‐degradation processes and the chemical modifications caused by light exposure, under different conditions . It has been noticed that the degradation of CV and MV strongly depends on light fluence …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to now, measurement of the photo‐fading level has been conducted through ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, while the identification of photo‐degradation products has been performed mainly through separation techniques coupled with different detection methods, in particular liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and high performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In forensic science, the individuation of the degradation state of a ballpoint ink entry can help in defining a questioned document . In conservation science, the understanding of the photo‐fading processes helps in the identification of the original materials as well in the definition of proper preservation protocols …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking photo‐degradation of triarylmethane dyes with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Cesaratto

Lombardi

Leona

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The triarylmethane dyes, basic fuchsine, methyl violet, and crystal violet, were some of the first synthetic colorants to be produced after the revolutionary invention of mauve in 1856. While their attractive pink‐to‐violet hues made them immediately interesting to the textile industry and the arts, they are prone to fade when exposed to light. This work aims to investigate basic fuchsine, methyl violet, and crystal violet and their degradation products through surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), exploiting the high sensitivity and minimal sample requirement of the technique. SERS is not able to discriminate between the two less methylated basic fuchsine homologues, rosaniline and pararosaniline, and between crystal and methyl violet, but it does distinguish rosaniline/pararosaniline from new fuchsine, the highest methylated basic fuchsine homologue, and those from crystal/methyl violet. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SERS is a valuable tool to study the photo‐induced N‐demethylation by tracking spectral changes in a series of artificially aged samples. The new findings have been applied to the analysis of a group of late 19th century woodblock Japanese prints. This approach shows a great potential in both forensic and conservation science fields, especially when the minimum sample availability and the low concentration of the colorants in the sample prevent the application of other better established techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography with diode array, fluorescence, or mass spectrometric detections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Tracking photo‐degradation of triarylmethane dyes with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Cesaratto

Lombardi

Leona

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…There are few papers concerning identification of early synthetic dyes in works of art. Most previous studies were performed by using chromatographic techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC) [4][5][6] or size exclusion chromatography with Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy. [7,8] Among spectroscopic techniques, the ones recommended were IR and reflectance UV/Vis, [9] 3D fluorescence, [4] Raman [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and Fourier transform Raman.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early synthetic dyes – a challenge for tandem mass spectrometry

et al. 2013

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The present study concerns identification of early yellow synthetic dyes from silk fibers taken from the 1930 spring color palette of the Lyon Dyers' Guild (La Chambre Syndicale des Teinturiers). The identification was based mainly on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry spectra obtained in the positive and negative ion modes. This technique was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, which enabled separation of the analyzed compounds. Spectra registered for each of the examined synthetic dye allowed identification of their lost fragments. Moreover, isotopic profiles and exact measurements of m/z by using time of flight analyzer made possible to evaluate their elemental composition. In consequence, all obtained data, including UV-vis spectra, allowed to reconstruct molecular structures of examined colorants. Due to the lack of standards, the identification of the dyes was based only on the registration of fragment and quasi-molecular ions, what is rather uncommon in such analysis and means groping for the correct structure rather than proving signal identity by comparison with standards. Depending on substituents present in dye molecules, the lost fragments of the examined compounds involved SO(2), NO(•), NO(2)(•), CH(4), C(2)H(4), C(2)H(5)(•), C(2)H(6), CH(2)=N-CH(3), (CH(3))(2)NH, CH(2)= NH, CH(3)-NH(2), as well as CO and CO(2). The performed study led to identification of various colorants: rhodamine 6 G, rhodamine B, malachite green, quinoline yellow, picric acid and acetoquinone yellow 5JZ.

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Application of LC‐MS and LC‐MS‐MS to the analysis of photo‐decomposed crystal violet in the investigation of cultural heritage materials aging

et al. 2012

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In this work, the accurate liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-visible (LC-UV-Vis), LC-mass spectrometry (MS) and LC-MS-MS analysis of the photo-degradation products of crystal violet (CV) is reported. CV is a light fugitive early synthetic dye which had a widespread diffusion into the market starting from the end of the XIX century and was used among others by V. Van Gogh and P. Gauguin in their writings, drawings or paintings. On-line photodiode array detector enabled simultaneous UV-Vis spectra acquisition. Many degradation compounds were identified through their exact mass (2 ppm accuracy) and MS-MS technique. In particular, all CV demethylated products, demethylated Michler's ketone and particularly some compounds that most likely contain oxygen, such as N-oxides, were found. Fragmentation products are all justified by the proposed fragmentation scheme, in term of precursor exact mass and isotopic profile, characteristic losses in fragmentation and rebuilt structure formula. In particular, we hypothesized the presence of N-imido oxides and hydroxylamine derivates, never reported before, together with the demethylated derivatives of the studied dyes. All these compounds, although at trace level in our samples, contribute to the discoloration and fading of works of arts made with CV. In particular, demethylation of CV by UV light leads to formation of compounds absorbing at shorter wavelengths than CV (blue shift) or no-absorbing in visible range (yellow-colourless) with an overall effect that may appear reddish-brown. This phenomenon justifies drawings appearing grey or brown on aged yellowed paper, when CV-based inks or paints were used. The final aim was to better characterize the photo-degradation of early synthetic dyes (in particular of CV) and to gain a better insight into the discoloration and fading of purple ink strokes made of CV.

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Crystal violet: Study of the photo-fading of an early synthetic dye in aqueous solution and on paper with HPLC-PDA, LC-MS and FORS

Cited by 39 publications

References 7 publications

Tracking photo‐degradation of triarylmethane dyes with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Tracking photo‐degradation of triarylmethane dyes with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Early synthetic dyes – a challenge for tandem mass spectrometry

Application of LC‐MS and LC‐MS‐MS to the analysis of photo‐decomposed crystal violet in the investigation of cultural heritage materials aging

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