Crystallization of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate

Vener, Raymond E.; Thompson, A. Ralph

doi:10.1021/ie50483a020

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…It is not the intention here to discuss the general theory behind moving bed reactors, as this has been adequately covered elsewhere (7).…”

Section: Theoretical Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear grade uranium tetrafluoride by the moving bed process

Hueston

1960

Can J Chem Eng

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After two years of research and development in the pilot plant stages, a plant for the production of nuclear grade uranium tetrafluoride by the Moving Bed Process has been designed, built, and successfully operated at Eldorado's Port Hope Refinery. This is the only production facility in the world using the moving bed technique for the production of UF4. An exceptionally high grade uranium tetrafluoride, low in unconverted uranium oxides and uranyl fluoride can be obtained. A large percentage of the production exceeds 99% uranium tetrafluoride. Total metal contamination is less than 150 ppm.

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“…It is not the intention here to discuss the general theory behind moving bed reactors, as this has been adequately covered elsewhere (7).…”

Section: Theoretical Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear grade uranium tetrafluoride by the moving bed process

Hueston

1960

Can J Chem Eng

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“…These ash contents were selected on the basis of the maximum solubility of Na2SO4, 497 g/dm 3 at 32 °C (see e.g. [19][20][21]) and observations made in preliminary testing, because the ash samples did not have exactly the same solubility properties as pure Na2SO4.…”

Section: Removal Of Hazardous Trace Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective removal of hazardous trace metals from recovery boiler fly ashes

Kinnarinen

Golmaei

Jernström

et al. 2018

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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The objective of this study is to introduce a treatment sequence enabling straightforward and effective recovery of hazardous trace elements from recovery boiler fly ash (RBFA) by a novel method, and to demonstrate the subsequent removal of Cl and K with the existing crystallization technology. The treatment sequence comprises two stages: dissolution of most other RBFA components than the hazardous trace elements in water in Step 1 of the treatment, and crystallization of the process chemicals in Step 2. Solid-liquid separation has an important role in the treatment, due to the need to separate first the small solid residue containing the trace elements, and to separate the valuable crystals, containing Na and S, from the liquid rich in Cl and K. According to the results, nearly complete recovery of cadmium, lead and zinc can be reached even without pH adjustment. Some other metals, such as Mg and Mn, are removed together with the hazardous metals. Regarding the removal of Cl and K from the process, in this non-optimized case the removal efficiency was satisfactory: 60-70% for K when 80% of sodium was recovered, and close to 70% for Cl when 80% of sulfate was recovered.

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“…To aid in the study of the crystallization (27, 28) of potassium or ammonium nitrate, ternary solubility diagrams have been worked out for aqueous ethyl and isopropyl alcohols. Thompson and associates have also studied the troublesome crystallization-evaporation of sodium sulfate, using ethylene glycol or ethyl alcohol (30) to depress the transition point to the anhydrous sodium sulfate and to minimize scale formation during evaporation.…”

Section: Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%