Crystallization of titanium ingots in the course of electron-beam melting

Paton, B. E.; Trigub, N. P.; Zhuk, G.V.

doi:10.1007/s11003-008-9090-2

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The smelting process was carried out in a vacuum of 0.1-0.01 Pa, which created the most favorable conditions for the removal of hydrogen from the metal and made it impossible to contaminate titanium with nitrogen and oxygen. The use of intermediate tank ensured the removal of refractory inclusions of high and low density [5].…”

Section: The Study Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It makes it possible not only to deeply clean these materials from gas and volatile metal impurities but also greatly simplifies the process of metallurgical redistribution and ensures the production of articles with qualitatively new mechanical properties. In [5], it is shown that EBM also provides the possibility of obtaining ingots of titanium alloys by melting the primary charge of both spongy titanium and ligature. However, the issue of obtaining heat-resistant titanium alloys by the EBM method remains unresolved.…”

Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining the structure and properties of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by electron-beam melting

Akhonin

Pikulin

Berezos

et al. 2022

EEJET

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This paper reports a comprehensive study that investigated the quality of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by the method of electron beam melting (EBM). It is shown that EBM makes it possible to produce high-quality metal of ingots of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT9 and VT3-1. Semi-finished articles were made in the form of bars from ingots obtained by the EBM method. It was established that in the macrostructure of the deformed metal there are no cracks, delamination, cavities, metal and non-metallic inclusions. The macrostructure of the metal of the bars corresponds to 4 points for the alloy VT3-1 and 4–5 points for the alloy VT9 on the 10-point scale of microstructures of instruction 1054-76. It was shown that the metal microstructure of forged bars of VT9 alloy consists of primary β grains with a continuous or intermittent α-rim along the grain boundaries 3–4 μs thick. The structure of the metal in the volume of grain – lamellar type with partially globularized plates of the α phase, plates of α-phase of close orientation form α colonies measuring 10–40 μs. The thickness of the α plates is 1–5 μs, between the plates or globules of the α phase there is a layer of β phase with a thickness of 1–2 μs. The microstructure of the deformed metal of titanium alloy VT3-1 consists of primary β grains, the volume of which contains colonies of lamellar α phases measuring 10–100 μs. The thickness of α plates is 1.5–3 μs, the layer of β phase in the intervals between α-plates is mainly 0.3–0.5 μs. The microstructure of semi-finished articles in the form of deformed bars of alloys VT9 and VT3-1 corresponds to type 4–6 according to the 9-type scale of the microstructure of instruction 1054-76. Studies of the mechanical properties of the obtained semi-finished articles have shown that they meet all the requirements of regulatory standards that are put forward by industry to the quality of the metal of heat-resistant titanium alloys

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Section: The Study Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the structure and properties of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by electron-beam melting

Akhonin

Pikulin

Berezos

et al. 2022

EEJET

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The result is that titanium sponge needs to be melted in a water-cooled copper crucible that is either in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere [62]. Processes to melt titanium are electron-beam remelting (EBR), vacuum arc melting and remelting (VAR), plasma arc remelting (PAR), and electro-slag remelting (ESR) [62,65]. Heat treatment allows for the production of homogeneous electrodes that can then be processed into ingots, blooms, billets, or slabs of titanium and titanium alloys [65].…”

Section: Ingots (Stage 5)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the literature obtained from the SLR, this is clearly visible in the advances being applied in several heat treatment techniques. Paton, Trigub and Zhuk [65] discussed the benefits of electron beam remelting above those of vacuum-arc melting. Some of these benefits were the elimination of the electrode production phase, the ability to produce ingots that are round or rectangular, the production of structurally and chemically homogeneous ingots from one re-melt, and an increase in available metal yield [65].…”

Section: Ingots (Stage 5)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paton, Trigub and Zhuk [65] discussed the benefits of electron beam remelting above those of vacuum-arc melting. Some of these benefits were the elimination of the electrode production phase, the ability to produce ingots that are round or rectangular, the production of structurally and chemically homogeneous ingots from one re-melt, and an increase in available metal yield [65]. Dobatkin and Anoshkin [64] discussed the elemental segregation that occurs during VAR, and the benefits and shortcomings of this segregation.…”

Section: Ingots (Stage 5)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Literature Review on the Titanium Metal Product Value Chain

Roux¹,

Lingen²,

Botha³

2019

SAJIE

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This article presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the titanium metal product value chain. Globally this value chain is fragmented, meaning that successive production stages rarely occur within the same country, and information published on the value chain is limited. The aim of this review was to collect the literature to create and elaborate on the titanium metal product value chain. The SLR followed a combined building block searching strategy and a criterion analysis to obtain relevant literature on production stages in the value chain. The value chain was based on the three main sections that comprise the titanium metal industry: the raw material, the processes and technologies, and the market. From the main sections, eight production stages were identified and discussed. Arising from the literature review, these stages will be applied as a baseline to understand the requirements for improving the underdeveloped titanium industry in South Africa.

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Archives of Foundry Engineering

Kaliuzhnyi,

Voron,

Mykhnian

et al. 2020

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For the manufacture of near net shape complex titanium products, it is necessary to use investment casting process. Melting of titanium is promising to carry out by electron beam casting technology, which allows for specific processing of the melt, and accordingly control the structure and properties of castings of titanium alloys. However, the casting of titanium in ceramic molds is usually accompanied by a reaction of the melt with the mold. In this regard, the aim of the work was to study the interaction of titanium melt with ceramics of shell molds in the conditions of electron beam casting technology. Ceramic molds were made by using the following refractory materialsfused corundum Al2O3, zircon ZrSiO4 and yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide ZrO2, and ethyl silicate as a binder. Melting and casting of CP titanium was performed in an electron beam foundry. Samples were made from the obtained castings and electron microscopic metallography was performed. The presence and morphology of the altered structure, on the sample surface, were evaluated and the degree and nature of their interaction were determined. It was found that the molds with face layers of zirconium oxide (Z1) and zircon (ZS1) and backup layers of corundum showed the smallest interaction with the titanium melt. Corundum interacts with titanium to form a non-continuous reaction layer with thickness of 400-500 μm. For shell molds with face and backup layers of zircon on the surface of the castings, a reaction layer with thickness of 500-600 μm is formed. In addition, zirconium-silicon eutectic was detected in these layers.

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Crystallization of titanium ingots in the course of electron-beam melting

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Determining the structure and properties of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by electron-beam melting

Determining the structure and properties of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by electron-beam melting

A Systematic Literature Review on the Titanium Metal Product Value Chain

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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