Crystallization Process as a Final Part of Zero Liquid Discharge System for Treatment of East Baghdad Oilfield Produced Water

Abstract

This study investigated the application of the crystallization process for oilfield produced water from the East Baghdad oilfield affiliated to the Midland Oil Company (Iraq). Zero liquid discharge system (ZLD) consists of several parts such as oil skimming, coagulation/flocculation, forward osmosis, and crystallization, the crystallization process is a final part of a zero liquid discharge system. The laboratory-scale simple evaporation system was used to evaluate the performance of the crystallization process. In this work, sodium chloride solution and East Baghdad oilfield produced water were used as a feed solution with a concentration of 177 and 220 g/l. The impact of temperature (70, 80, and 90 °C), mixing speed (300, 400, and 500 rpm), feed concentration (177 and 220 g/l), and time (0.5-9.5 h) on the crystallization performance for oilfield produced water treatment were investigated on evaporation rate and recovery. The recovery increased with increasing temperature and mixing speed while decreasing with an increase in feed concentration. Pure water and salts were recovered from the concentrated produced water, the recovery of pure water at 80 °C, 400 rpm, and 220 g/l feed concentration was 82.22 and 81.35% after 5.5 h for NaCl solution (i.e., simulated oilfield produced water) and oilfield produced water, respectively.

Utilizing Hybrid RO-OARO Systems as New Methods for Desalination Process

“…The need for pure water sources is rising steadily as the economy and population rise, where freshwater scarcity and drinking water safety have become major impediments to long-term socioeconomic growth in areas with limited freshwater resources [7]. Desalination is one of the most promising alternatives for resolving water scarcity [8], in which fresh water is extracted from saline water sources. Desalination has been employed globally to remove salts from seawater (67%), brackish water (19%), river water (8%), and wastewater (6%), respectively [9,10].…”

The Effects of Operating Variables on Efficancy of Water Disinfection by Sodium Hypochlorite Using Al-Wathba Wastewater

“…Disinfection process is necessary for get rid of microorganisms that still in the treated water [1,2]. Several kinds of chemical substances have been used as disinfectants, such as; chlorine gas (Cl2), chloride dioxide (ClO2), ozone (O3), chloramines (NH2Cl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), lithium hypochlorite (LiOCl), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) [3].…”