CT-assisted versus silicone rubber cast morphometry of the lower respiratory tract in healthy amazons (genus Amazona) and grey parrots (genus Psittacus)

Comparison of air sac volume, lung volume, and lung densities determined by use of computed tomography in conscious and anesthetized Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) positioned in ventral, dorsal, and right lateral recumbency

“…Few studies have been conducted in which air sac volume in birds [16][17][18] and lung volume in turtles 19 have been determined with CT. Computed tomography has been used to determine pulmonary, renal, and hepatic volume and density in humans and other animals. [20][21][22] Avoidance of a long duration of dorsal recumbency during anesthesia for birds has been recommended on the basis of the theory that air sacs can be compressed by internal organs.…”

Computed Tomographical (CT) Anatomy of the Thoracoabdominal Cavity of the Male Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

“…In the last twenty years, computed tomography is a commonly used method in the diagnostic evaluation of birds (Orosz and Toal, 1992; Krautwald‐Junghanns, 1997; Krautwald‐Junghanns et al., 1998a,b; Gumpenberger and Henninger, 2001). Great benefit of the CT images is the possibility for reconstruction in multiple planes with optimized WL and WW settings for the different tissues.…”

“…In many cases, selection focuses only on a special region of the body (Andrássy‐Baka et al., 1999; Locsmándi et al., 2005) but there is often a problem by the evaluation process to define the exact lines of the region of interest. To achieve this aim, anatomical knowledge is mandatory, to make the decision whether the structures seen on the scans are normal or not (Krautwald‐Junghanns, 1997; Krautwald‐Junghanns et al., 1998a,b; Bartels et al., 2000; Gamble, 2007; Kobienia, 2008). In contrast to plain radiography, there is a possibility to use the Hounsfield values of the tissues seen on the CT scan (McMillan, 1986; Bartels et al., 2000), facilitating the differentiation between them.…”

Morphological respiratory diffusion capacity of the lungs of ball pythons (Python regius)

“…Perry et al (1989) summarized the methods for calculating the functional lung volume, but recent methodological developments have provided more direct and more precise techniques to measure the volume of the lung parenchyma. Computed tomography (CT) has been established as a valid method for the intra vitam determination of lung volume and lung parenchyma in birds (Krautwald-Junghanns et al, 1998) and snakes (Pees et al, 2008). However, the actual pulmonary exchange surface can only be quantified using histological techniques, i.e., light microscopy (LM) for the morphometry of the exchange surface and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the morphometry of the diffusion barrier.…”