“…As the global economy shifts, university students face pressure and challenges due to the competitiveness, complexity and uncertainty of the contemporary economy, even further complicated by ever-changing technology (Siu et al , 2013; Tulowitzki, 2020; Watts and Richardson, 2020; Khan et al , 2020a). Moreover, the degree to which university students engage in their studies is essential for understanding the value of higher education (Dalmon et al , 2019; Raza et al , 2020).…”