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Чеснок (Allium sativum L.) – вегетативно размножаемое растение, требовательное к плодородию почвы и уровню рН 6-7. При снижении значения рН ниже 5,5 урожайность основных с.-х. культур, в том числе чеснока, снижается более чем на 30%, так как при такой кислотности в почвенном растворе усиливается растворение малорастворимых солей, при этом объем доступных форм железа, марганца, кобальта, меди, алюминия возрастает. По данным агрохимических обследований пашни в РФ доля кислых почв (рН ≤5,5) составила 33% и, по прогнозам, будет увеличиваться. Получение стрессоустойчивых форм растений возможно при активном применении биотехнологических методов, в том числе клеточной селекции. Цель работы – оценить растения-регенеранты чеснока озимого, полученные из каллуса на кислой питательной среде, и их клонов на фоне с повышенной кислотностью почвы в малообъемной культуре. Исследования проведены в 2020–2022 годах на селекционном участке ВНИИО — филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Растения чеснока выращивали в почвогрунте с кислотностью 4,5; 5,0, 5,5 и 6,0, в пластиковых ящиках размером 60×40×23 см, с объемом грунта на одно растение 1,5 л в условиях открытого грунта. В открытом грунте изучено 87 однозубковых луковиц сорта Гладиатор и 38 однозубковых луковиц сорта Император, полученных при выращивании растений-регенерантов чеснока на почве с повышенной кислотностью. В результате исследований отобраны луковицы чеснока, полученные на малом объеме с повышенной кислотностью почвы, для дальнейшей работы по созданию форм с повышенной устойчивостью к кислотности почвы. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a vegetatively propagated plant, demanding soil fertility and a pH level of 6.5-7. With a decrease in the pH value below 5.5, the yield of major crops, including garlic, decreases by more than 30%, as the dissolution of poorly soluble salts increases, while the volume of available forms of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, aluminum increases. According to agrochemical surveys of arable land in the Russian Federation, the proportion of acidic soils (pH < 5.5) was 33% and, according to forecasts, will increase. Obtaining stress-resistant forms of plants is possible with the active use of biotechnological methods, including cell selection. The purpose of the work is to evaluate winter garlic regenerant plants obtained from callus on an acidic nutrient medium and their clones against a background with increased soil acidity in a low–volume culture. The research was carried out in 2020-2022 at the ARRIVG - branch of FSBSI FSVC. Garlic plants were grown in soil with an acidity of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0, in plastic boxes measuring 60×40×23 cm, with a soil volume of 1.5 liters per 1 plant in open ground conditions. 87 single-pronged bulbs of the Gladiator variety and 38 single-pronged bulbs of the Imperator variety obtained by growing garlic regenerant plants on soil with high acidity were studied in the open ground. As a result of the research, garlic bulbs obtained on a small volume with increased soil acidity were selected for further work on creating forms with increased resistance to soil acidity. As a result of the research, garlic bulbs obtained on a small volume with increased soil acidity were selected for further work on creating forms with increased resistance to soil acidity.
Чеснок (Allium sativum L.) – вегетативно размножаемое растение, требовательное к плодородию почвы и уровню рН 6-7. При снижении значения рН ниже 5,5 урожайность основных с.-х. культур, в том числе чеснока, снижается более чем на 30%, так как при такой кислотности в почвенном растворе усиливается растворение малорастворимых солей, при этом объем доступных форм железа, марганца, кобальта, меди, алюминия возрастает. По данным агрохимических обследований пашни в РФ доля кислых почв (рН ≤5,5) составила 33% и, по прогнозам, будет увеличиваться. Получение стрессоустойчивых форм растений возможно при активном применении биотехнологических методов, в том числе клеточной селекции. Цель работы – оценить растения-регенеранты чеснока озимого, полученные из каллуса на кислой питательной среде, и их клонов на фоне с повышенной кислотностью почвы в малообъемной культуре. Исследования проведены в 2020–2022 годах на селекционном участке ВНИИО — филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Растения чеснока выращивали в почвогрунте с кислотностью 4,5; 5,0, 5,5 и 6,0, в пластиковых ящиках размером 60×40×23 см, с объемом грунта на одно растение 1,5 л в условиях открытого грунта. В открытом грунте изучено 87 однозубковых луковиц сорта Гладиатор и 38 однозубковых луковиц сорта Император, полученных при выращивании растений-регенерантов чеснока на почве с повышенной кислотностью. В результате исследований отобраны луковицы чеснока, полученные на малом объеме с повышенной кислотностью почвы, для дальнейшей работы по созданию форм с повышенной устойчивостью к кислотности почвы. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a vegetatively propagated plant, demanding soil fertility and a pH level of 6.5-7. With a decrease in the pH value below 5.5, the yield of major crops, including garlic, decreases by more than 30%, as the dissolution of poorly soluble salts increases, while the volume of available forms of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, aluminum increases. According to agrochemical surveys of arable land in the Russian Federation, the proportion of acidic soils (pH < 5.5) was 33% and, according to forecasts, will increase. Obtaining stress-resistant forms of plants is possible with the active use of biotechnological methods, including cell selection. The purpose of the work is to evaluate winter garlic regenerant plants obtained from callus on an acidic nutrient medium and their clones against a background with increased soil acidity in a low–volume culture. The research was carried out in 2020-2022 at the ARRIVG - branch of FSBSI FSVC. Garlic plants were grown in soil with an acidity of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0, in plastic boxes measuring 60×40×23 cm, with a soil volume of 1.5 liters per 1 plant in open ground conditions. 87 single-pronged bulbs of the Gladiator variety and 38 single-pronged bulbs of the Imperator variety obtained by growing garlic regenerant plants on soil with high acidity were studied in the open ground. As a result of the research, garlic bulbs obtained on a small volume with increased soil acidity were selected for further work on creating forms with increased resistance to soil acidity. As a result of the research, garlic bulbs obtained on a small volume with increased soil acidity were selected for further work on creating forms with increased resistance to soil acidity.
Abstract. In the conditions of the North-East of the Non-Chernozem zone, experimental work was carried out on the study of a collection of spring garlic at the experimental field of the North-East Federal State Medical University (Kirov). The purpose is to evaluate the breeding material of spring garlic according to economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the North-East and to identify promising samples for further research. Note the samples that can be used in the mechanized separation of cloves and in the future during planting. The planned model of the variety should be: a bulb of at least 45 g, cloves 4.5 g, the number of cloves 11–13 pcs. Methods. 18 varietal samples were evaluated: 9 – Research and production company “Agrosemtoms” LLC, 9 samples – collection nursery of the Federal Research Center of the Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources – VIR. As a result of the study, 6 promising varieties were identified. Results. The highest yield was obtained from varietal No. 129, it was 1.64 kg/m2, which is 0.69 kg/m2 higher than the control – varieties of spring garlic Sovet (LSD05 = 0.2). The weight of the bulb was 58 g, which is 18 g higher than the control. Varietals No. 148 and 129 have the largest number of cloves – 14 and 13 pcs., respectively. In the same samples, the largest tooth mass was revealed: 4 and 4.4 g, respectively. According to biochemical analysis, there were no differences between the varieties, however, in terms of the number of sugars, it is worth noting the Coun Sovet cil variety with a content of 6.38 %. Scientific novelty. For the first time, samples of spring garlic (AST-129, AST-146, AST-148) were isolated, which form an arrow and form viable air bulbs. The formation of air bulbs in spring garlic promotes healing and accelerates the process of reproduction of the variety. Spring garlic has a radial direction of the teeth and this contributes to obtaining a large number of full-fledged teeth, which allows to increase the reproduction coefficient. The results obtained, according to the assessment of the initial collection varieties, are of great practical importance and can be used in production and breeding work.
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