Cultivation of the Next-Generation Probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila, Methods of Its Safe Delivery to the Intestine, and Factors Contributing to Its Growth In Vivo

Colon-Specific Delivery of Bioactive Agents Using Genipin-Cross-Linked Chitosan Coated Microcontainers

“…However, the delivery systems designed for this purpose face many challenges such as early release of bacteria while passing through the stomach and the small intestine, which may reduce viability of bacteria that are sensitive to the conditions in the upper part of the digestive tract . Research into next-generation probiotics is focused on putative applications on a number of alternative microorganisms, many of which are more vulnerable to the environment of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and can benefit from direct delivery to the colon. − …”

Review of Literature on Akkermansia muciniphila and its Possible Role in the Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…One alternative to safely and effectively deliver A. muciniphila to the intestine is by microencapsulation. 23 An in vitro study simulated the administration of microencapsulated A. muciniphila through the digestive tract and showed its viability was reduced 2.01 log CFU ml -1 under fasting conditions (pH 2) and by 0.3 log CFU ml -1 at post-meal conditions (pH 4) with a survival rate of 0.97% and 49.76%, respectively. The unencapsulated cells had a more significant decrease in viability at fasting and post-meal of 3.12 log CFU ml -1 and 1.53 log CFU ml -1 respectively.…”

“… 22 Administration of probiotics after meals is also the best way to maintain bacterial viability. 22 , 23 …”

Research progress on the next‐generation probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestine

“…In strictly anaerobic circumstances, its main metabolite of that is propionic acid (Derrien et al, 2004;Zhao & Li, 2017). AKK's growth relies on highenergy nitrogen-carbon compounds in mucin, such as fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and so on, but it still retains the ability to utilize glucose (Fenn, 2014;Ropot et al, 2020). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also exists in the outer membrane of AKK, which is considered to be a potential stimulation of inflammation, but AKK has not been found that there is a negative correlated to any sign of pathogenicity so far (Karlsson et al, 2012).…”

“…However, we have to face one problem that the intestinal microbiome and its metabolic functions are often impaired in many circumstances. In addition, many diseases are also associated with microbiota imbalance, such as type 2 or type 1 diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and so on (Derrien et al, 2017;Ouwerkerk et al, 2013;Ropot et al, 2020;Sender et al, 2016).…”