Abstract:Fungi associated with macroalgae are less known when compared with those on wood in the marine environment. In this study, we assessed the diversity of fungi associated with the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea at Chao-Jin Park, Keelung, Taiwan. Algal segments of healthy and dead thalli were washed/sterilized with different solutions (sterile artificial seawater, 70% ethanol, and 4% sodium hypochlorite), plated on three different media (glucose-yeast extract-peptone seawater agar (GYPS), potato dextrose seaw… Show more
“…The physicochemical parameters at the sampling site were recorded as follows: salinity: 25 ppt, temperature: 31°C, pH: 7.8, and dissolved oxygen: 2.8 mg l −1 . The samples were placed in sterile sampling bags, placed in clean thermocol boxes with ice packs, brought to the lab (Cha et al ., 2021), and analysed within 24 h of collection. Figure 1.Mangrove leaves in the study and results of endophytic fungi enumeration: (A) leaves of A. ilicifolius used in the study and (B) results of endophytic fungi enumeration.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The physicochemical parameters at the sampling site were recorded as follows: salinity: 25 ppt, temperature: 31°C, pH: 7.8, and dissolved oxygen: 2.8 mg l −1 . The samples were placed in sterile sampling bags, placed in clean thermocol boxes with ice packs, brought to the lab (Cha et al, 2021), and analysed within 24 h of collection.…”
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria pose serious public health risks, necessitating bioprospecting for novel antimicrobial drugs. The endophytic fungi of the mangrove ecosystem are hotspots for discovering new bioactive chemical compounds. In this context, an investigation was designed to determine the isolation of the major endophytic fungi inhabiting the leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius, a mangrove plant with a long history of traditional use in the Chinese and Indian medical systems. Based on the morphological characterizations and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence data, the study identified three unique endophytic fungal species, namely, Periconia macrospinosa, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Alternaria sp. Of these, P. macrospinosa was identified as the most dominant one, with the highest relative frequency (35.22%). The antibacterial activity of P. macrospinosa isolate (CMFRI/fPM-01) was evaluated by the well and diffusion method against six human pathogens, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. The results demonstrated a high and wide spectrum of antimicrobial action of the isolate against all the tested human pathogens, with no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the activity between the pathogens. The antibacterial activity was further confirmed by determining the fungal culture supernatant's minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Although the studied fungi are known from other sources, this is the first report of P. macrospinosa and C. cinerea as endophytes in A. ilicifolius leaves. The outcomes also showed that the P. macrospinosa isolate could be used to discover effective antibacterial drugs against various human diseases.
“…The physicochemical parameters at the sampling site were recorded as follows: salinity: 25 ppt, temperature: 31°C, pH: 7.8, and dissolved oxygen: 2.8 mg l −1 . The samples were placed in sterile sampling bags, placed in clean thermocol boxes with ice packs, brought to the lab (Cha et al ., 2021), and analysed within 24 h of collection. Figure 1.Mangrove leaves in the study and results of endophytic fungi enumeration: (A) leaves of A. ilicifolius used in the study and (B) results of endophytic fungi enumeration.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The physicochemical parameters at the sampling site were recorded as follows: salinity: 25 ppt, temperature: 31°C, pH: 7.8, and dissolved oxygen: 2.8 mg l −1 . The samples were placed in sterile sampling bags, placed in clean thermocol boxes with ice packs, brought to the lab (Cha et al, 2021), and analysed within 24 h of collection.…”
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria pose serious public health risks, necessitating bioprospecting for novel antimicrobial drugs. The endophytic fungi of the mangrove ecosystem are hotspots for discovering new bioactive chemical compounds. In this context, an investigation was designed to determine the isolation of the major endophytic fungi inhabiting the leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius, a mangrove plant with a long history of traditional use in the Chinese and Indian medical systems. Based on the morphological characterizations and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence data, the study identified three unique endophytic fungal species, namely, Periconia macrospinosa, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Alternaria sp. Of these, P. macrospinosa was identified as the most dominant one, with the highest relative frequency (35.22%). The antibacterial activity of P. macrospinosa isolate (CMFRI/fPM-01) was evaluated by the well and diffusion method against six human pathogens, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. The results demonstrated a high and wide spectrum of antimicrobial action of the isolate against all the tested human pathogens, with no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the activity between the pathogens. The antibacterial activity was further confirmed by determining the fungal culture supernatant's minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Although the studied fungi are known from other sources, this is the first report of P. macrospinosa and C. cinerea as endophytes in A. ilicifolius leaves. The outcomes also showed that the P. macrospinosa isolate could be used to discover effective antibacterial drugs against various human diseases.
“…Are endophytes of marine plants well adapted physiologically to the marine milieu? Exploration of fungi isolated from substrates other than woody tissue has revealed an exciting and much greater diversity of taxa: the seagrass Posidonia oceanica [ 139 , 140 , 141 ], macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis [ 142 ], Flabellia petiolata , Padina pavonica [ 141 ], Pterocladiella capillacea [ 143 ], various macroalgal species [ 101 , 144 ], marine sponges Dysidea fragilis , Pachymatisma johnstonia , Sycon ciliatum , Grantia compressa [ 145 , 146 ], and sea cucumber Holothuria poli [ 147 ] ( Table 4 ). Many of the taxa were isolated as pale to dark brown chlamydospores, e.g., Corollospora , Neodevriesia and Paralulworthia species [ 141 , 144 ].…”
With the over 2000 marine fungi and fungal-like organisms documented so far, some have adapted fully to life in the sea, while some have the ability to tolerate environmental conditions in the marine milieu. These organisms have evolved various mechanisms for growth in the marine environment, especially against salinity gradients. This review highlights the response of marine fungi, fungal-like organisms and terrestrial fungi (for comparison) towards salinity variations in terms of their growth, spore germination, sporulation, physiology, and genetic adaptability. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial fungi and fungal-like organisms vary greatly in their response to salinity. Generally, terrestrial and freshwater fungi grow, germinate and sporulate better at lower salinities, while marine fungi do so over a wide range of salinities. Zoosporic fungal-like organisms are more sensitive to salinity than true fungi, especially Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Labyrinthulomycota and marine Oomycota are more salinity tolerant than saprolegniaceous organisms in terms of growth and reproduction. Wide adaptability to saline conditions in marine or marine-related habitats requires mechanisms for maintaining accumulation of ions in the vacuoles, the exclusion of high levels of sodium chloride, the maintenance of turgor in the mycelium, optimal growth at alkaline pH, a broad temperature growth range from polar to tropical waters, and growth at depths and often under anoxic conditions, and these properties may allow marine fungi to positively respond to the challenges that climate change will bring. Other related topics will also be discussed in this article, such as the effect of salinity on secondary metabolite production by marine fungi, their evolution in the sea, and marine endophytes.
“…Different sensitivity to abiotic factors like water potential, gaseous exchange and temperature are among the reasons for different outcomes of interaction. For instance, Xylariaceous ascomycete are less sensitive to low water potential (Boddy 2000) while Aspergillus and Penicillium have the ability to tolerate wide a range of salinity (Cha et al 2021). Moreover, the interactions among endophytic fungi in this study were not linear instead, following a circular pattern.…”
Endophytic fungal colonization in plants is governed by complex interactions with the defense mechanism of the host and antagonistic effects of other endophytes. In this study, endophytic fungal interaction was assessed by histological examination and co-culture methods. Results showed fungal colonization in the intercellular space of the epidermis and both intercellular and intracellular spaces of the cortical cells suggesting close interaction with their seagrass hosts. Dense colonization, hyphal branching, coiling and formation of networks were observed in the cortical cells. Less competition for space and reliable source of nutrition in the cortex may favor fungal growth. No fungal hyphae were detected in the vascular tissues of seagrasses. All the endophytic fungi isolated from seagrasses showed antagonistic activity. Aspergillus tamarii, A. ochraceopetaliformis, Penicillium citrinum, Beauveria bassiana, Eutypella sp. and Xylaria sp were the most active antagonists. Antagonistic interaction involved deadlock and replacement. Deadlock was associated with physical blocking of the antagonist’s colony by hyphal aggregation and production of inhibitory metabolites. Demarcation line and colony pigmentation in Xylaria sp. during co-culture assay indicated the production of high quantities of inhibitory molecules. Endophytic fungi in seagrasses also produced volatile organic compounds (VOC) which resulted to deadlock at mycelial distance. Thus, endophyte colonization and distribution in seagrass tissues are influenced by their interaction with the hosts and other endophytes. But interestingly, cyclical intransitivity of multispecies interaction manifested by these fungal species suggested possible co-existence in seagrass tissues.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
