Cultural expressions of depression and the development of the Indonesian Depression Checklist

Abstract

Depression may manifest differently across cultural settings, suggesting the value of an assessment tool that is sensitive enough to capture these variations. The study reported in this article aimed to develop a depression screening tool for Indonesians derived from ethnographic interviews with 20 people who had been diagnosed as having depression by clinical psychologists at primary health centers. The tool, which we have termed the Indonesian Depression Checklist (IDC), consists of 40 items. The tool was administered to 125 people assessed to have depression by 40 clinical psychologists in primary health centers. The data were analyzed with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (IBM SPSS AMOS Software). CFA identified a five-factor hierarchical model ( χ = 168.157, p = .091; CFI = .963; TLI = .957; RMSEA = .036). A 19-item inventory of the IDC, with five factors - Physical Symptoms, Affect, Cognition, Social Engagement and Religiosity - was identified. There was a strong correlation between the total score of the IDC and total score of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (revised version CES-D), a standard tool for assessing symptoms of depression. The IDC accommodates culturally distinctive aspects of depression among Indonesians that are not included in the CES-D.

The development of a contextually appropriate measure of psychological distress in Sierra Leone

“…A large proportion of the locally-appropriate measures of mental health which have been developed up to now have attempted to identify and measure clinical disorders or syndromes [ 11 , 15 , 20 ],. The study described here does not follow this pattern; instead it aims to measure ‘signs of distress’ without drawing any conclusions about clinical significance, or trying to equate experiences of distress with clinical diagnoses such as depression, anxiety of post-traumatic stress disorder.…”

“…Some 35 years ago, Kleinman [ 9 ] suggested that local idioms of depression be translated and added to standard questionnaires, and subsequently, researchers have emphasised the importance of including locally salient concepts and phrases in tools to measure psychological distress and mental health disorders [ 10 ]. As a result, local assessment tools have been developed in various settings to enable more accurate assessments of psychological distress [ 11 ]. These local assessment instruments have been found to be more effective measures of mental disorders than international instruments in various populations [ 10 , 12 ].…”

Validitas Kriteria Asesmen Depresi pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus

“…Salah satu alat asesmen depresi yang disusun dengan mempertimbangkan budaya Indonesia adalah Indonesian Depression Checklist (IDC). IDC disusun berdasarkan pengalaman depresi pada pasien di Puskesmas di Kabupaten Sleman dan Kota Yogyakarta dan memiliki validitas kriteria yang baik pada populasi umum (Widiana, Simpson, & Manderson, 2018). Validitas konkuren merupakan salah satu tipe validitas kriteria yang menguji kesesuaian hasil ukur satu alat ukur dengan alat ukur lain yang relevan dan sudah teruji kualitas psikometrisnya (Azwar, 2018).…”

“…Oleh karenanya diperlukan adanya alat ukur tepat secara budaya dalam proses asesmen depresi. IDC merupakan alat skrining depresi yang mengakomodir faktor budaya dalam manifestasi depresi (Widiana et al, 2018). IDC terdiri dari lima aspek, salah satunya yaitu mengenai aktivitas religius yang tidak diikutkan dalam asesmen depresi.…”

Expressions of psychological distress in Sierra Leone: implications for community-based prevention and response

“…Studies have found important variance in the ways that people express distress in different contexts (e.g. Keys et al ., 2012; Haroz et al ., 2017; Widiana et al ., 2018; Housen et al ., 2019). Yet, the assumption noted by Kleinman (1977), that because phenomena can be identified in different cultural settings they have the same meaning across these settings, continues to be evident in many studies.…”