Culture and Colonization

Mass Rearing of Egg Parasitoids for Biological Control Programs

“…Automation should be incited when weekly production passes 3000-5000 adults. Details on the mass rearing of insects can be found in Smith (1966), Leppla and Ashley (1978), King and Leppla (1984), Singh and Moore (1985), Parrela et al (1992), van Driesche and Bellows (1996), Ridgway and Inscoe (1998), Bellows and Fisher (1999), Etzel and Legner (1999), van Lenteren (2000), Cohen (2004) and Parra (2008). …”

Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale,Unaspis euonymi(Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

“…They were released only once and in very low numbers (Hudson et al 2001). Generally, chances of establishment are higher when natural enemies are released multiple times in large numbers at a site (Etzel and Legner 1999). We also were unable to recover the introduced parasitoid species A. proclia and E. sp.nr.…”

“…diaspidicola uncertain, because it was recovered only from few release sites (Van Driesche et al1998b). This may be caused by the many biological and ecological factors that affect natural enemy establishment, such as host stage, reproductive biology, genetic variability, climate, and weather (Etzel and Legner 1999). In addition, long-term rearing of the parasitoids on San Jose scale as alternate laboratory host may have affected their host preference for euonymus scale (Hopper et al 1993).…”

Production of Coleopteran Predators

“…Mass production is necessary for the permanent establishment of predators, periodic colonization of predators in an area to augment existing populations, and inundative releases for short-term control of a pest (Etzel and Legner, 1999). Mass production will also benefit researchers interested in testing the side effects of various toxins on beneficial, nontarget arthropods (Martos et al, 1992;Li et al, 2011).…”