Introduction to the special issue: Apprehending public relations as a promotional industryThis special issue comes out of a pre-conference for the International Communication Association annual meeting in June 2016. The aim of the pre-conference, and of this special issue, is to place promotional practices in political, economic and/or social context; to consider how promotion intervenes into and influences constellations of power; and to reflect on the role of public relations and promotion in spheres of civic life. Our aim was to assess the circulation of promotional and public relations practices in terms of communicative power -who gets what, by what means and with what kinds of consequences. In this editorial, we consider the scholarly landscape that frames investigations of public relations as/and promotion. We set the scene for the three papers that follow, each of which focuses in novel ways on the societal and political significance of promotional activities, and of public relations in particular, as used both alongside, and independently of, other promotional techniques.
The context: Contemporary promotional culturesPromotion responds to, and emerges from, the political, economic, social and cultural order of the times. It has played a fundamental role in our history, and contributes to the possibilities of our present and future lives. Promotional techniques are used to sell things, ideas and ways of life that are deemed necessary for audiences to adhere to by corporates, governments and other organisations.From this perspective, promotion is not only an act of exchange, it is -and has long been -a sociocultural intervention in our daily lives (Wernick, 1991).Histories of promotional industries demonstrate that promotion is deeply entwined with complex changes in social, economic and political circumstances, in media systems and in cultural beliefs and norms