Cumulative Production of Bioactive Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and CK from Fermented Black Ginseng Using Novel Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 Strain Isolated from Korean Traditional Food

Abstract

Ginseng is an ancient herb widely consumed due to its healing property of active ginsenosides. Recent researchers were explored to increase its absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides at the metabolic sites, due to its pharmacological activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characteristics of components obtained by a shorter steaming cycle (seven cycles) of white ginseng to fermented black ginseng, using a novel strain of Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 isolated from fermented soybean. The degree of bioactive of Rg3 increased effectively during the steaming process, and biotransformation converted the color towards black along active ginsenosides. Glycol moiety associated with C-3, C-6, or C-20 underwent rapid biotransformation and hydrolysis, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd → Rg3, F2, and was converted to CK. Dehydration produces Rg3 → Rk1, Rg5. Rh2 → Rk2; thus, converted fermented black ginseng was solvent-extracted, and the isolated components were identified by TLC, HPLC, and quantification by LCMS. The unique composition obtained during this process with Rk1, Rg3, Rg5, and CK is nontoxic to HaCaT cell line up to 200 ug/mL for 24 h and was found to be effective in B16BL6 cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, it is a suitable candidate for nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

“…In addition, several physical methods can successfully transform ginsenosides, namely heating, steaming, air-drying, sulfur fumigation, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), and microwave treatment. However, with the exception of steaming, these processes have not yet been applied commercially [ 12 , 29 , 68 , 84 , 94 ]. Regarding chemical methods, acidic and alkaline hydrolysis at high temperatures, high pressure, and high pH has been used to the cleave or degrade major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides for increased biological and pharmacological activity.…”

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

“…Furthermore, fungi that were produced from ginseng-cultivated soil, such as Fusarium moniliforme [ 71 ], A. strictum [ 72 ], A. niger [ 73 ], and F. sacchari [ 64 ], demonstrated good biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor bioactive. Cumulative generation of bioactive CK from fermented black ginseng using a novel Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 strain obtained from the Korean staple food kimchi [ 74 ]. Leuconostoc strains were also isolated from kimchi, which showed good conversion of PPD-type ginsenosides to CK [ 75 ].…”

Ginsenosides Conversion and Anti-Oxidant Activities in Puffed Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng

“…HPLC was equipped with UV detector and a C18 column (Kinetex ID 2.6 µm, 50 mm × 4.6 mm) with H 2 O (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) under the following gradient program: 0-7 min, 19% B; 7-11 min, 29% B; 11-14 min, 29% B; 14-25 min, 40% B; 25-28 min, 56% B; 28-30 min, 70% B; 30-31.5 min, 90% B; 31.5-34 min, 90% B; 34-34.5 min, 90% B; 34.5-40 min, 90% B. The flow rate was set at 0.6 mL/min and UV detection wavelength was set at 203 nm [29].…”