Cumulative risk analysis of carcinogenic contaminants in United States drinking water

Evans, Sydney; Campbell, Chris; Naidenko, Olga V.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02314

Cited by 51 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The upper bound estimate presented in Table 6 represents the number of attributable cases calculated using the lower bound estimate of the benchmark dose, and vice versa for the lower bound estimate of cancer cases. The previously reported value of 47.9 thousand cases for trihalomethanes calculated for the dataset spanning 2010-2017 [16] falls in this calculated range ( Table 6).…”

Section: Source Of the Risk Benchmarksupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Based on UCMR4 data, we calculated population-weighted averages of 24.9 µg/L for HAA9, 19.1 µg/L for HAA5, and 7.0 µg/L for HAA6Br for the systems included in UCMR monitoring ( Table 2). In an earlier study, we reported the population-weighted average of THM4 in the United States community water supplies as 26 µg/L [16]. While relative concentrations of individual disinfection byproducts depend on multiple water chemistry conditions, there is an overall correlation between trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, as anticipated ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Exposure Assessment For Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acidssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Benchmark cancer risk concentrations for a group of contaminants (B group ) are calculated following the method presented in an analysis by California OEHHA in 2010 for the group of trihalomethanes [37] and described in an earlier study [16] as…”

Section: Calculation Of Lifetime Cancer Risk Based On Toxicological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess cancer risk due to the presence of haloacetic acids in drinking water, we were faced with a data limitation in the UCMR4 dataset whereby the U.S. EPA reported only the group concentrations for HAA5, HAA6Br, and HAA9 and not the concentrations of individual haloacetic acids. We developed concentration-weighted cancer risk benchmarks for the three HAA groups following Equation (5), as previously described [16,37]. Calculated group risk benchmarks are listed in Table 5 and used for analyses in Table 6.…”

Section: Calculation Of Lifetime Cancer Risk Based On Toxicological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water

Evans

Campbell

Naidenko

2020

IJERPH

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Hundreds of different disinfection byproducts form in drinking water following necessary treatment with chlorine and other disinfectants, and many of those byproducts can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. This study offers the first side-by-side comparison of cancer risk assessments based on toxicological and epidemiological studies of disinfection byproducts using a comprehensive contaminant occurrence dataset for haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes, two groups of disinfection byproducts that are regulated in drinking water. We also provide the first analysis of a new occurrence dataset for unregulated haloacetic acids that became available from the latest, fourth round of the U.S. EPA-mandated unregulated contaminant monitoring program (UCMR4). A toxicological assessment indicated that haloacetic acids, and in particular brominated haloacetic acids, are more carcinogenic and are associated with a greater number of attributable cancer cases than trihalomethanes. Based on the toxicological analysis, cumulative lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids for community water systems monitored under UCMR4, estimated with standard default parameters for body weight and water intake, corresponds to 7.0 × 10−5 (3.5 × 10−5–1.3 × 10−4). The same analysis conducted with age sensitivity factors to account for elevated risk in infants and children yielded a cumulative risk estimate of 2.9 × 10−4 (1.7 × 10−4–6.2 × 10−4). Epidemiological data suggest that lifetime cancer risk from disinfection byproducts for the U.S. population served by community water systems is approximately 3.0 × 10−3 (2.1 × 10−4–5.7 × 10−3), or a lifetime cancer risk of three cases per thousand people. Overall, this analysis highlights the value of using human data in health risk assessments to the greatest extent possible.

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Section: Source Of the Risk Benchmarksupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Exposure Assessment For Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acidssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Calculation Of Lifetime Cancer Risk Based On Toxicological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calculation Of Lifetime Cancer Risk Based On Toxicological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water

Evans

Campbell

Naidenko

2020

IJERPH

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“…Over 100,000 lifetime cancer cases in the United States (US) can be attributed to contaminants in drinking water. A large proportion of the risk identified is associated with the presence of disinfection by products (DBPs) and arsenic 7 , both of which are strongly linked to DOC 3,[8][9][10][11] . Chlorination and ozonation used for water treatment can result in harmful by-products including 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5 H)-furanone, brominated acetic acid, trihalomethanes (THMs), formaldehyde, halogenated acetic acids, due to the presence of organic matter 12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization

et al. 2020

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Climate change and urbanization can increase pressures on groundwater resources, but little is known about how groundwater quality will change. Here, we use a global synthesis (n = 9,404) to reveal the drivers of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is an important component of water chemistry and substrate for microorganisms that control biogeochemical reactions. Dissolved inorganic chemistry, local climate and land use explained~31% of observed variability in groundwater DOC, whilst aquifer age explained an additional 16%. We identify a 19% increase in DOC associated with urban land cover. We predict major groundwater DOC increases following changes in precipitation and temperature in key areas relying on groundwater. Climate change and conversion of natural or agricultural areas to urban areas will decrease groundwater quality and increase water treatment costs, compounding existing constraints on groundwater resources.

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Assessment of contaminants in California drinking water by region and system size

et al. 2020

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In this California‐wide spatial analysis, a cumulative ranking method and a trend test were used to estimate and compare concentrations of 12 contaminants and two drinking water standard violations by system size and region. The San Joaquin Valley, areas not served by water systems, and small water systems (less than 200 connections) had the highest cumulative rank with many high levels of contaminants. Large systems and the South Coast had the highest levels of disinfection byproducts and industrial contaminants. Based on a trend analysis, violations and concentrations of arsenic and cadmium decreased as system size increased, while industrial contaminant concentrations and disinfection byproducts increased as system size increased (p < .05). Although not indicative of violating drinking water standards, this study's results demonstrate where efforts to address specific contaminants can be targeted by region or system type. The results can help elucidate where contaminants may be elevated, from both an individual and multiple‐contaminant perspective.

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Cumulative risk analysis of carcinogenic contaminants in United States drinking water

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water

Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water

Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization

Assessment of contaminants in California drinking water by region and system size

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