“Cumulative Stress”: The Effects of Maternal and Neonatal Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Stress‐Inducible Genes on Programming of Atopy

Abstract

Although extensive epidemiological and laboratory studies have been performed to identify the environmental and immunological causes of atopy, genetic predisposition seems to be the biggest risk factor for allergic diseases. The onset of atopic diseases may be the result of heritable changes of gene expression, without any alteration in DNA sequences occurring in response to early environmental stimuli. Findings suggest that the establishment of a peculiar epigenetic pattern may also be generated by oxidative stress (OS) and perpetuated by the activation of OS-related genes. Analyzing the role of maternal and neonatal oxidative stress and oxidative stress-inducible genes, the purpose of this review was to summarize what is known about the relationship between maternal and neonatal OS-related genes and the development of atopic diseases.

Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a pilot study on short-term efficacy

“…It has been estimated that approximately 6% of children suffer from RRIs. This reported incidence could be related to several factors such as genetic, immunological (e.g., anatomic and functional alteration in the respiratory tract, increased exposure to infectious agents, atopy, and immunodeficiency) [4], social and environmental (e.g., daycare attendance, physical stress, duration of breast-feeding, family size, air pollution, pets at home, parental smoking, missed vaccination) [5], anthropometric (e.g., age, sex, prematurity, low birth weight) factors and comorbidities (e.g., cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, neurological) [6][7][8].…”

Prenatal Maternal Distress and Allergic Diseases in Offspring: Review of Evidence and Possible Pathways

“…In a stressed mother, blood flow to the placenta commonly decreases. Insufficient oxygen and nutrition can activate the fetal hormonal system and ANS, which may increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3536. The placenta also moderates fetal exposure to maternal factors.…”

“…, production of ROS exceeds the removal of ROS 36. Pregnancy is one of the typical physiological conditions associated with oxidative stress.…”

“…A high metabolic turnover and elevated tissue oxygen requirements increase oxidative stress. Markers of oxidative stress rise in the serum even during a normal pregnancy 36. Newborns exhibit an accelerated production of free radicals and have limited antioxidant protection, making them highly vulnerable to oxidative stress.…”

Vitamins А, С and D — Essential Trio for Infants

“…Наибольшую настороженность в отношении развития гиповитаминоза у детей первого года жизни проявляют к витаминам эссенциальной триады -А, С и D [5], ответственным за формирование иммунитета именно в этот период жизни [6]. Адекватное обеспечение комплексом витаминов ребенка первого года жизни будет способствовать не только физиологическому становлению и функционированию иммунной системы [2], но и профилактике атопических заболеваний [7], в частности бронхиальной астмы и атопического дерматита, в патогенезе которых заложен окислительный стресс и распространенность которых неуклонно растет [8,9].…”