Current classification of zirconia in dentistry: an updated review

Abstract

Zirconia, a crystalline oxide of zirconium, holds good mechanical, optical, and biological properties. The metal-free restorations, mostly consisting of all-ceramic/zirconia restorations, are becoming popular restorative materials in restorative and prosthetic dentistry choices for aesthetic and biological reasons. Dental zirconia has increased over the past years producing wide varieties of zirconia for prosthetic restorations in dentistry. At present, literature is lacking on the recent zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. Currently, no article has the latest information on the various zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. Hence, the aim of this article is to present an overview of recent dental zirconia biomaterials and tends to classify the recent zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. This article is useful for dentists, dental technicians, prosthodontists, academicians, and researchers in the field of dental zirconia.

Translucency and Color Difference of Monolithic Zirconia Restorations: The Effect of Surface Finishing on Background Color

“…Increasing the yttria content increases the semitransparency of zirconia. 18 Multilayered zirconia had the lowest semitransparency; therefore, the ΔE00 values were found to be higher than in the other samples. In trials, ΔE00 < 2.25 was regarded as a clinically acceptable color difference.…”

“…Four different types of monolithic zirconia were introduced to suit the indications for the planned applications of monolithic zirconia on natural teeth in the clinic (3,4-5-6Y-TZP). 18 In the beginning, it was intended that 3Y-TZP would be an opaque material, and zirconia-based restorations were obtained by veneering a zirconia core with porcelain. More recently, however, the yttria content of the new generation CAD-CAM zirconia ceramics has been raised to approxi-mately 4%, 5%, and 6% mol Y-TZP.…”

“…Zirconia (TZP, tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline) is divided into several types depending on the yttria content: 3Y-TZP (3 mol% Y-TZP), 4Y-TZP (4 mol% Y-TZP), 5Y-TZP (5 mol% Y-TZP), and 6Y-TZP (6 mol% Y-TZP). 18 By increasing the Y-TZP ratio, the microstructure of the ceramic crystal is completely stabilized with a visible cubic phase up to 53%. [19][20][21] This has been done in order to improve the newgeneration monolithic zirconias, such as translucency and light transmittance, in order to better mimic natural teeth.…”

Use of Biomaterials in 3D Printing as a Solution to Microbial Infections in Arthroplasty and Osseous Reconstruction

“…Zircon dioxide, also known as zirconia , occurs naturally as the mineral baddeleyite [ 227 , 228 ] and has excellent mechanical properties [ 229 ]; it is considered as both the most durable and aesthetically acceptable prosthesis [ 230 , 231 , 232 ]. Its biochemical and physicochemical properties justify its extensive use [ 231 , 233 , 234 ] considering its lack of bioactive properties [ 124 ]; nonetheless, there are some drawbacks associated with its 3D printing uses [ 231 , 235 , 236 , 237 ].…”

The thermal debinding of soluble binders in injection molded zirconia ceramic from room temperature to 250°C

“…[1][2][3][4] Simultaneously, its favorable biocompatibility does not lead to allergic reactions or tissue rejection, making it appropriate for usage in medical and dental domains. 5,6 Nevertheless, ZrO 2 ceramic machining is very difficult for complex shape, which increases the cost of wide application. 7 Ceramic injection molding (CIM) combining powder technology with injection molding technology is suitable for the preparation of ceramic products with complex shape as a near-net-shape processing technique.…”