2015
DOI: 10.1680/jadcr.14.00089
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Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Abstract: This paper offers an update of the current understanding of sulfate attack, with emphasis on the sulfates present in an external water source percolating through, and potentially reacting with, the cement matrix. The paper considers the explanations put forward to explain sulfate attack, both from a chemical and microstructural perspective.Similarly, this paper reviews work on the physical damage caused by the precipitation of sulfate salts in porous materials. With the increased use of binary and ternary blen… Show more

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Cited by 48 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…In , 2013In , 2014In & 2015, the ratios for the three wells are more than the value of sea water and less than the Nile water. This reflects the dissolution of local terrestrial salts rich in sulfate such as gypsum, anhydrite, glauberite (Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O) and epsomite (MgSO 4 .7H 2 O).…”
Section: Origin Of Groundwater Over Yearsmentioning
confidence: 93%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…In , 2013In , 2014In & 2015, the ratios for the three wells are more than the value of sea water and less than the Nile water. This reflects the dissolution of local terrestrial salts rich in sulfate such as gypsum, anhydrite, glauberite (Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O) and epsomite (MgSO 4 .7H 2 O).…”
Section: Origin Of Groundwater Over Yearsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…The magnesium reduction in three wells over the studied years could be ascribed to reaction of calcium hydroxide (from cement pore water) with magnesium, sulfate in groundwater to produce magnesium hydroxide (brucite), and gypsum, according to the reaction shown in Equation 4, (Whittaker and Black, 2015). Brucite is relatively insoluble and precipitates under the high pH conditions prevailing in the cement pore water and induces a lower pH.…”
Section: Temporal Water Quality Parameters Variationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…These bacteria are capable of further reducing the pH by oxidising thiosulphate and elemental sulphur to sulphuric acid [4]. Microbiological sulphate attack include a series of interactions occurring within the cement matrix as sulphates penetrate through it [9,10]. The reason why these 2 of 10 sulphur-oxidising bacteria are so damaging to cement based structures is because sulphuric acid produced by the A. thiooxidans reacts with calcium hydroxide present in concrete and mortar and forms gypsum and ettringite.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most promising solid precursors for large-scale applications are industrial wastes/by-products such as fly ash (FA) from thermal power plants and blast furnace slag (BFS) from pig iron production. In order to underpin the predicted future role, AABs are expected to meet the requirements specified for Portland cements in terms of quality and durability [4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%