Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements

Yu, Miao; Hynan, Patrick; Jouanne, Annette von; Yokochi, Alex

doi:10.3390/en12061074

Cited by 607 publications

(389 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In addition to energy storage, the reduction in vehicle emissions is also a realizable goal through the advent of electric vehicles powered either by batteries or fuel cells. For electric vehicles, batteries are required which are low‐cost, have high energy density, are highly stable and are safe to use . At present for both storage and electric vehicles lithium ion batteries dominate, however there are some concerns regarding safety and the emerging geopolitical restrictions around the availability of Li and Co which are used in many commercial Li ion batteries .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

2019

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Aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries are at an early development stage and there is a need to discover new electrode materials for the fabrication of high energy density devices. To address this issue, we investigate MoO3 nanowires as a possible electrode material for use in rechargeable Al‐ion batteries that can operate in aqueous conditions. We present a hexagonal structure of MoO3 microrods as an Al‐ion intercalation host material and show its first‐time use as a potential electrode for an aqueous Al‐ion battery system. This yields a discharge capacity of approximately 300 mAh g−1 for 150 cycles and around 90 % retention after 400 cycles at a current density of 3 A g−1. The utilization of this type of material and aqueous electrolytes guarantees both safety during operation and simple recycling of spent batteries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

2019

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“…[1] However, the current fleet of EVs, mainly powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), still falls short of performance standards, especially in driving range per charge, that are required for broad consumer appeal. [4][5][6][7] Both cathodes were derived from LiNiO 2 , which has a high theoretical capacity of 270 mAh g −1 . [2][3][4] Archetypal cathodes for LIBs deployed in current EVs are layered Li[Ni x Co y (Al or Mn) 1−x−y ]O 2 (Al = NCA or Mn = NCM) oxide materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Li[Ni_0.9Co_0.09W_0.01]O₂: A New Type of Layered Oxide Cathode with High Cycling Stability

Ryu

Park

Yoon

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

143

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transportation emissions account for nearly one-quarter of all greenhouse gases. [1] However, the current fleet of EVs, mainly powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), still falls short of performance standards, especially in driving range per charge, that are required for broad consumer appeal. A driving range comparable to that of an ICEV requires a substantial increase in the energy density of LIBs, whose capacity is largely limited by the cathode. [2][3][4] Archetypal cathodes for LIBs deployed in current EVs are layered Li[Ni x Co y (Al or Mn) 1−x−y ]O 2 (Al = NCA or Mn = NCM) oxide materials. [4][5][6][7] Both cathodes were derived from LiNiO 2 , which has a high theoretical capacity of 270 mAh g −1 . Multiple phase transitions during delithiation quickly deteriorate the reversible capacity of LiNiO 2 ; this inherent structural instability renders the cathode unsuitable for EV applications. NCA cathodes were developed by introducing Co 3+ and Al 3+ to LiNiO 2 to prevent multistep phase transitions and stabilize the structure, resulting in the Li[Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 ]O 2 cathode, which currently powers the Tesla Model S. [8] In another example, Ni was partially replaced with Co and Mn to develop Li[Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 ]O 2 ; this cathode exhibited excellent capacity retention and thermal stability but its capacity was limited to 160 mAh g −1 . [9] To compensate for inferior capacity, Ni content was increased to x = 0.6; this cathode is also widely commercialized. Although both NCA and NCM cathodes are adequate, the energy density of 350 Wh kg −1 required to provide a drive range threshold of 300 miles per charge requires a new class of layered oxide cathodes. As Ni content exceeds x = 0.8, NCA and NCM cathodes are plagued by increasingly compromised battery life and thermal safety, due to rapid capacity fading and an abundance of unstable Ni 4+ species, as observed in LiNiO 2 . [4,[10][11][12][13] To overcome the inherent instability of Ni-rich NCM and NCA cathodes, we propose a new type of layered oxide cathode, Li[Ni x Co y W 1−x−y ]O 2 . Previous work indicates that W doping of LiNiO 2 substantially improved its cycling stability without sacrificing energy density. [14,15] In this study, we show that replacement of Al ions with W ions in a Ni-rich NCA layered oxide cathode markedly modifies the cathode microstructure through particle refinement and greatly improves the cycling stability of the cathode. We compare the electrochemical performance of the Li[Ni 0.9 Co 0.09 W 0.01 ]O 2 cathode (NCW90) to the well-characterized Li[Ni 0.885 Co 0.1 Al 0.015 ]O 2 (NCA89) to demonstrate its superior structural and thermal stability compared to the commercialized NCA cathode.Substituting W for Al in the Ni-rich cathode Li[Ni 0.885 Co 0.10 Al 0.015 ]O 2 (NCA89) produces Li[Ni 0.9 Co 0.09 W 0.01 ]O 2 (NCW90) with markedly reduced primary particle size. Particle size refinement considerably improves the cathode's cycling stability such that the NCW90 cathode retains 92% of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles (c...

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“…Several materials are competing as cathode materials, e. g., lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese oxide (NMC) or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA). High energy (up to 300 Wh/kg and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a good candidate for electric vehicles powertrains …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High energy (up to 300 Wh/kg and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a good candidate for electric vehicles powertrains. [15] In this communication, the manufacturing by a solventless melt process and the performances of Li-ion graphitic anodes and NCA cathodes with porosities controlled by the amount of a sacrificial processing aid polymer is described. Scheme 1 describes the preparation of porous electrodes without any solvent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy Li‐Ion Electrodes Prepared via a Solventless Melt Process

Astafyeva¹,

Dousset²,

Bureau³

et al. 2020

Batteries & Supercaps

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High areal density and high energy Li‐ion electrodes were prepared using a high throughput green, solventless and inexpensive melt process leading to electrodes of controlled porosity. Melt formulations were developed for NCA cathodes and graphite anodes. The formulations were based on commercially available and inexpensive elastomeric or thermoplastic binders, conventional conducting fillers and >90 wt% electrode active materials. A large range of loadings could be achieved, from 4 to 40 mg cm−2 single side. Electrochemical performances in half cells (coin cells) are reported. High capacity and cyclability for high loadings of NCA cathodes and graphite anodes were demonstrated. Areal capacities over 5 mAh.cm−2 in coin cells were obtained at a C/5 rate. Cycling at high rates, up to 5 C was demonstrated.

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Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements

Cited by 607 publications

References 89 publications

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Li[Ni_0.9Co_0.09W_0.01]O₂: A New Type of Layered Oxide Cathode with High Cycling Stability

High Energy Li‐Ion Electrodes Prepared via a Solventless Melt Process

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Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements

Cited by 607 publications

References 89 publications

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO3) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO3) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Li[Ni0.9Co0.09W0.01]O2: A New Type of Layered Oxide Cathode with High Cycling Stability

High Energy Li‐Ion Electrodes Prepared via a Solventless Melt Process

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Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Hexagonal Molybdenum Trioxide (h‐MoO₃) as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Li[Ni_0.9Co_0.09W_0.01]O₂: A New Type of Layered Oxide Cathode with High Cycling Stability