Current perspectives of caffeinated energy drinks on exercise performance and safety assessment

Kreider, Richard B.

doi:10.2147/nds.s143147

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…Energy drinks and related caffeine-containing energy products are often consumed by the general population, adolescents, and individuals seeking to enhance exercise performance, augment training adaptations, and assist with weight loss [ 1 – 3 ]. These products typically contain caffeine and a blend of additional ingredients such as taurine, guarana, amino acids, and B-vitamins which are purported to improve energy levels, metabolism, and exercise performance [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study

Harty

Stratton

Escalante

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background Energy drinks are often consumed by the general population, as well as by active individuals seeking to enhance exercise performance and augment training adaptations. However, limited information is available regarding the efficacy of these products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink on metabolism and muscular performance. Methods Sixteen resistance-trained males (n = 8; mean ± SD; age: 22.4 ± 4.9 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 14.0 kg; body fat: 15.3 ± 6.4%) and females (n = 8; age: 24.5 ± 4.8 years; body mass: 67.5 ± 11.9 kg; body fat: 26.6 ± 7.1%) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Following a familiarization visit, participants completed two identical visits to the laboratory separated by 5–10 days, each of which consisted of indirect calorimetry energy expenditure (EE) assessments before and after consumption of the beverage (Bang® Keto Coffee; 130 kcal, 300 mg caffeine, 20 g protein) or placebo (30 kcal, 11 mg caffeine, 1 g protein) as well as after exercise testing. In addition, participants’ subjective feelings of energy, fatigue, and focus as well as muscular performance (leg press one-repetition maximum and repetitions to fatigue, maximal isometric and isokinetic squat testing) were assessed. Multiple repeated measures ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc tests were used to analyze data. Estimates of effect size were quantified via partial eta squared (ηP2) and Hedge’s g. Results A significant interaction effect was identified for EE (p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.52) but not respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.17, ηP2 = 0.11). Following consumption of the beverage, EE was 0.77 kcal·min− 1 greater than placebo at the post-beverage time point (p < 0.001) and 0.37 kcal·min− 1 greater than placebo at the post-exercise time point (p = 0.011). However, no between-condition differences were detected for any subjective or muscular performance outcomes. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that consumption of the energy drink had minimal effects on lower-body muscular performance and subjective factors in the context of a laboratory setting. However, the beverage was found to significantly increase energy expenditure compared to placebo immediately following ingestion as well as during the recovery period after an exercise bout, suggesting that active individuals may improve acute metabolic outcomes via consumption of a caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink. Trial registration This trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04180787; Registered 29 November 2019).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study

Harty

Stratton

Escalante

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…To date, several investigations have linked the consumption of niacin-containing energy products with acute hepatitis [ 23 , 24 ] and liver failure [ 25 ] in otherwise-healthy adults. Though niacin content was explicitly listed on all MIPS which contained it as an ingredient, it is possible that consumers may not fully understand the potential hazard of consuming multiple servings of MIPS or combining MIPS with other niacin-containing products such as energy shots or energy drinks [ 10 ]. Similarly, consuming multiple servings of MIPS or combining MIPS with other caffeine-containing substances may place consumers at risk of adverse events resulting from excess caffeine consumption, including tachycardia, heart palpitations, headache, anxiety, and sleep disturbance [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, MIPS are sometimes confused with energy drinks, energy shots, blood flow enhancers, or weight loss supplements as they can contain similar ingredients. Although there is some overlap of certain ingredients, the purported benefits and mechanisms of action of the respective products are different and tend to include different complimentary ingredients [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. For example, MIPS tend to contain ingredients that are purported to improve acute exercise performance in addition to enhancing training adaptations over time such as caffeine, beta-alanine, creatine, and betaine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Ingredient Profiles of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements

2019

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Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements are a popular class of dietary supplements which are purported to improve exercise performance. However, the composition of these products varies substantially between formulations, thus making comparisons challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify a common ingredient profile of top-selling pre-workout supplements and to compare ingredient dosages to established efficacious values. The top 100 commercially available pre-workout products were analyzed for listed ingredients and amounts, if available, from the supplement facts panel. The mean ± SD number of ingredients per supplement (n = 100) was 18.4 ± 9.7 with 8.1 ± 9.9 of these ingredients included in a proprietary blend at undisclosed quantities. Relative prevalence and average amounts of the top ingredients amounted to: Beta-alanine (87%; 2.0 ± 0.8 g), Caffeine (86%; 254.0 ± 79.5 mg), Citrulline (71%; 4.0 ± 2.5 g), Tyrosine (63%; 348.0 ± 305.7 mg), Taurine (51%; 1.3 ± 0.6 g), and Creatine (49%; 2.1 ± 1.0 g). Nearly half (44.3%) of all ingredients were included as part of a proprietary blend with undisclosed amounts of each ingredient. The average amount of beta-alanine per serving size was below the recommended efficacious dose. The average caffeine content was near the low end for an effective relative dose for a 70 kg individual (3–6 mg·kg−1 of bodyweight).

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“…Participants who were taking prescription medications in the month prior to the initiation of the study and/or were told by a physician to abstain or restrict caffeine and/or stimulant intake were excluded from the present study. A minimal sample size of 10 was determined based on the expectation of a 5% improvement in cognitive function markers with a corresponding power of 0.80 based on similar studies assessing nootropics on cognitive and executive function [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Participants were recruited from the university and local community via direct email and newspaper advertisements as well as by posting study flyers.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

et al. 2021

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This study examined the effects of acute paraxanthine (PXN) ingestion on markers of cognition, executive function, and psychomotor vigilance. In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 13 healthy male and female participants were randomly assigned to consume a placebo (PLA) or 200 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.). Participants completed stimulant sensitivity and side effect questionnaires and then performed the Berg Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), the Go/No-Go test (GNG), the Sternberg task test (STT), and the psychomotor vigilance task test (PVTT). Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatment. Participants completed side effect and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingestion of the supplement. After 7 days, participants repeated the experiment while consuming the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using body mass as a covariate, and by assessing mean and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) expressed as means (LL, UL). PXN decreased BCST errors (PXN −4.7 [−0.2, −9.20], p = 0.04; PXN −17.5% [−36.1, 1.0], p = 0.06) and perseverative errors (PXN −2.2 [−4.2, −0.2], p = 0.03; PXN −32.8% [−64.4, 1.2], p = 0.04) at hour 6. GNG analysis revealed some evidence that PXN ingestion better maintained mean accuracy over time and Condition R Round 2 response time (e.g., PXN −25.1 [−52.2, 1.9] ms, p = 0.07 faster than PLA at 1 h), suggesting better sustained attention. PXN ingestion improved STT two-letter length absent and present reaction times over time as well as improving six-letter length absent reaction time after 2 h (PXN −86.5 ms [−165, −7.2], p = 0.03; PXN −9.0% [−18.1, 0.2], p = 0.05), suggesting that PXN enhanced the ability to store and retrieve random information of increasing complexity from short-term memory. A moderate treatment x time effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was observed in PVTT, where PXN sustained vigilance during Trial 2 after 2 h (PXN 840 ms [103, 1576], p = 0.03) and 4 h (PXN 1466 ms [579, 2353], p = 0.002) compared to PL. As testing progressed, the response time improved during the 20 trials and over the course of the 6 h experiment in the PXN treatment, whereas it significantly increased in the PL group. The results suggest that acute PXN ingestion (200 mg) may affect some measures of short-term memory, reasoning, and response time to cognitive challenges and help sustain attention.

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Current perspectives of caffeinated energy drinks on exercise performance and safety assessment

Cited by 10 publications

References 79 publications

Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study

Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study

Common Ingredient Profiles of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements

Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

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