Current Research of Chlamydial Infection Diseases in China

Functional Group-Dependent Screening of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) and Discovery of an Abundant OPE Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl Phosphate in Indoor Dust

“…Numerous studies have demonstrated that dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OPEs such as DPHP can serve as the primary biomarkers of OPEs such as TPHP in OPE-exposed humans, given that DAPs were frequently detected in human samples. ,− Two DAPs, namely, 2-ethylhexyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate (EHPHP) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogen phosphate (DEHP), have been detected in human blood and/or urine samples. ,− These two DAPs were generally regarded as potential biomarkers of human exposure to EHDPP and TEHP, respectively. However, the first detection of BEHPP in our present study indicates that EHPHP and DEHP will be no longer specific metabolites for EHDPP and TEHP as these two metabolites could also be derived from BEHPP biotransformation.…”

“…23 Specifically, TPHP exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations (1430 ng/L) were reported to impair testicular development and reproductive behaviors in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). 20 simultaneously determined OPEs and sphingolipids in n = 257 human blood samples from the general population from Shenzhen, China, and observed a significant negative correlative relationship between ln-transformed sphingolipid levels and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) concentrations. 18 Hoffman et al evaluated the impacts of OPE exposure on the timing of delivery and an infant's birthweight, and found that women with the highest isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) concentrations delivered girls 1 week earlier than women with lower ip-PPP levels.…”

“…Most of the OPEs are additives and not chemically bound to polymer products, indicating that they could easily leach out and be released into the environment over the lifetime of commercial products. , Thus, reports on the occurrence of OPEs have been increasing over the past decades, where numerous OPEs have been detected in various environmental matrices, , foodstuff, , wildlife, , and human samples. − Most importantly, there is increasing evidence that (1) some OPEs at environmentally relevant concentrations could cause adverse effects to exposed animals; − and (2) levels of OPEs in human samples have been shown to be significantly associated with endogenous biomolecules, or human birth outcomes . Specifically, TPHP exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations (1430 ng/L) were reported to impair testicular development and reproductive behaviors in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) . Zhao et al simultaneously determined OPEs and sphingolipids in n = 257 human blood samples from the general population from Shenzhen, China, and observed a significant negative correlative relationship between ln-transformed sphingolipid levels and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) concentrations .…”

Vaginal Carriage of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Other Sexually Transmissible Pathogens Among Adolescents in Nigeria

“…Similarly, some of the girls that harbored other potentially pathogenic organisms did not manifest any symptoms, even in situations where multiple organisms were recovered in the vagina. Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic nature of urogenital pathogens, such as Chlamydia, may allow the infection to go unnoticed until secondary or tertiary symptoms develop and could lead to serious complications and/or sequelae (6,8). The asymptomatic carriage of the organisms coupled with reported high coital activity among teenagers in Nigeria (14), may result in indiscriminate transmission of the carried organisms to sexual partners, who may also pass it along to subsequent sexual partners -extending the transmission chain; this transmission chain could continue to grow until a symptomatic contact is involved or tertiary complications cause a victim to seek treatment, or diagnosis occurs after a universal screening exercise.…”

“…Genital tract infection, if untreated or poorly treated, may lead to some undesirable consequences, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility (4,5). Especially so are Chlamydial infections of the female genital tract -which are often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic (6,7); the asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic nature may deceptively go unnoticed until secondary symptoms and sequelae manifest, leading possibly to infertility (8).…”