Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines

Abstract

Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture’s sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.

Evaluation of Flathead Grey Mullets (Mugil cephalus) Immunization and Long-Term Protection against Vibrio harveyi Infection Using Three Different Vaccine Preparations

“…Our results showed total protection in the immunized fish with the three different vaccine preparations compared to the control group (60% mortality rate). Many studies show that vaccines play a significant role in inducing an immune response and increasing the resistance to diseases in the host s system [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], as it was demonstrated in this research.…”

The Screening of the Protective Antigens of Aeromonas hydrophila Using the Reverse Vaccinology Approach: Potential Candidates for Subunit Vaccine Development

“…Candidate antigenic proteins were selected and prepared into recombinant subunit vaccines for immunization prevention, which has been widely used in aquaculture. But, the subunit vaccines usually contain only a single antigen, which leads to inefficient immunity, requiring multiple immunizations or the development of multiple vaccines based on multiple antigens [ 51 ]. The addition of the adjuvant is an effective way to enhance the immunoprotective effect of the vaccine [ 52 ].…”

Transforming Aquaculture Through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones

“…Vector vaccines utilize living, non-pathogenic microorganisms in general, as carriers for the effective transportation of vaccine antigens inside the host [72,113]. Known for its ability to combine the immunogenicity of live-attenuated vaccines with the high precision of subunit vaccines, this vaccine technology constitutes a noteworthy alternative for vaccine development, exhibiting many advantages in its ability to provide high levels of protection through the elicitation of specialized immune responses [75,114]. During the last couple of decades numerous attempts have been made to advance the development of vector vaccines in the aquaculture industry.…”