Current status of glanders in Brazil: recent advances and challenges

Mota, Rinaldo Aparecido; Pinheiro, José Wilton

doi:10.1007/s42770-022-00814-1

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Differentiating glanders (caused by B. mallei ) from melioidosis (caused by B. pseudomallei ) is challenging due to their high antigenic similarity [13], with B. mallei being a monophyletic clade within B. pseudomallei [41]. Considering that (i) the GLANDA-ELISA kit has been designed for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and that (ii) glanders is frequently reported in Brazil [42], a country sharing a border with French Guiana, the detection of GLANDA-ELISA positive horses in French Guiana warranted further testing. Clinically healthy horses that tested ELISA-positive were all Hcp1-positive by Luminex but GroEL-negative by Luminex, both proteins being key markers for glanders diagnosis [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological screening in animals combined with environmental surveys provides definite proof of the local establishment ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiin Guadeloupe

Gasqué,

Guernier-Cambert,

Manuel

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei that affects both humans and animals. It is endemic in South and Southeast Asia, and northern Australia, causing an estimated 165,000 human cases annually worldwide. Human cases have been reported in the French West Indies (Martinique and Guadeloupe) since the 1990s. Conversely, no human cases have been reported in French Guiana, a French territory in South America. Our study aimed to investigate whether B. pseudomallei is locally established in Guadeloupe and French Guiana. We assessed animal exposure by serology and examined the presence of B. pseudomallei in the environment of seropositive animals. Methodology/Principal findings: Blood samples were collected from domestic animals in two goat farms in Les Saintes, Guadeloupe (n=31), and in 56 farms in French Guiana (n=670) and tested by ELISA. Serological follow up was performed on selected farms. Soil, water and goat rectal swabs were collected and analysed by culture and PCR. In French Guiana, the highest prevalence rates were observed in equids (24%) and cattle (16%), while in Les Saintes, a prevalence of 39% was observed in goats. The longitudinal study in Les Saintes revealed consistent high seropositivity in goats. A B. pseudomallei strain was isolated from the soil from one of the farms and detected in goat rectal swabs from the other farm. Conclusions/Significance: Our environmental investigation prompted by the serologic data confirms the presence of B. pseudomallei in Les Saintes, consistent with documented human cases of melioidosis on this island. In French Guiana, our serologic results call for environmental surveys and a re-evaluation of human infections with melioidosis-like symptoms. The approach developed in this study may help to identify high-risk areas that warrant further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological screening in animals combined with environmental surveys provides definite proof of the local establishment ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiin Guadeloupe

Gasqué,

Guernier-Cambert,

Manuel

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Inferring the estimated prevalence of infected properties ( Table 3 ) to the existing number of properties with equids in Pará ( Table 2 ), the state had 1489 [744; 2950] properties infected with glanders in 2019. Considering that the annual mean number of outbreaks detected in the state between 2005–2019 was 1.73 ( Figure 1 ), the mean sensitivity of the surveillance system for glanders in the period ranged from 0.06–0.23%, with 0.10% as the most likely number, a very low value and probably insufficient for changing the endemic balance of the disease, which indicates that the PNSE actions are not reaching the expected objectives, requiring a reassessment that involves all public and private agents interested in the subject in the process [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Situation of Glanders in the State of Pará, Brazil

et al. 2023

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Glanders is an anthropozoonosis caused by the bacteria Burkholderia mallei, affecting mainly equids. It has been eradicated in North America, Australia, and Western Europe, but continues to occur sporadically in countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America. Its notification is mandatory by the World Organization for Animal Health. After 30 years, the disease reappeared in Brazil in 1999 and, thereafter, 1,413 outbreaks have been reported. However, the epidemiological situation of the disease in the country is not adequately known. Thus, 2718 animals from 654 properties in the state of Pará were randomly selected by sampling and examined using a serial protocol with Complement Fixation and Western Blot serological tests. The prevalence of properties infected with glanders in the state was estimated at 1.68% [0.84; 3.33] and of seropositive animals at 0.50% [0.27; 0.94]. The introduction of animals was individualized as a risk factor for disease introduction in the properties (OR = 5.9 [1.4; 25.5]). Despite the low prevalence of infected properties and seropositive animals, the state must review actions to fight the disease, considering that the strategies implemented have not affected the endemic balance of the disease. This process must involve all public and private agents interested in the topic.

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“…Despite eradication efforts in many regions, glanders persists in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. In Brazil, despite successful eradication in 1969, a resurgence occurred in 1999 [9,10]. Diagnostic tools range from serological tests to bacterial isolation, with the latter being the gold standard [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Virulence of the Burkholderia mallei Strain BAC 86/19 in BALB/c Mice

Gaspar,

Santos,

Egito

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Burkholderia mallei is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus. As an obligate mammalian pathogen, it primarily affects solipeds. Although rarely transmitted to humans, the disease it causes, glanders, is classified as a zoonosis. The bacterium was officially eradicated in Brazil in 1969; however, it reemerged after three decades. This study aims to assess the virulence of a specific B. mallei strain, isolated in Brazil, in BALB/c mice through intranasal infection. The strain, B. mallei BAC 86/19, was obtained from the tracheal secretion of a young mare displaying positive serology but no clinical signs of glanders. Post-mortem examinations revealed macroscopic lesions consistent with the disease, however. In mice, the LD50 was determined to be approximately 1.59 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/animal. Mice exposed to either 0.1 × LD50 or 1 × LD50 displayed transient weight loss, which resolved after three or five days, respectively. B. mallei persisted within the liver and lung for five days post-infection and in the spleen for seven days. These findings underscore the detectable virulence of the Brazilian B. mallei BAC 86/19 strain in mice, which are relatively resilient hosts. This research points to the importance of the continued investigation of the virulence mechanisms and potential countermeasures associated with B. mallei infections, including their Brazilian isolates.

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Current status of glanders in Brazil: recent advances and challenges

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Serological screening in animals combined with environmental surveys provides definite proof of the local establishment ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiin Guadeloupe

Serological screening in animals combined with environmental surveys provides definite proof of the local establishment ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiin Guadeloupe

Epidemiological Situation of Glanders in the State of Pará, Brazil

Assessment of the Virulence of the Burkholderia mallei Strain BAC 86/19 in BALB/c Mice

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