Current status, opportunities, and challenges in fuel cell catalytic application of aerogels

Shaari, Norazuwana; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom

doi:10.1002/er.4423

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…For example, CNT is a material with high electrical conductivity but has a limiting active surface area matched to the commercial Vulcan‐XC due to poor pore development. The structure and composition of the catalyst support layer and operating condition are important points to consider because of the causes of carbon corrosion rate in electrode . The Pt ratios of carbon material support have a different effect on ECSA degradation.…”

Section: Limitations Related To Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

2019

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Summary The performance of allotrope carbon materials has been explored because of their superior properties in energy system applications. This review provides an understanding of the current work focusing on the applications of selected carbon materials in important energy systems, focus on thermal interface materials (TIMs), and fuel cell applications. This article begins with the introduction of TIMs and fuel cell in general working principle and presents details on carbon materials. The discussion focuses on updates from the latest research work and addresses current challenges and opportunities for research toward TIMs and fuel cell applications. The optimum performance of TIMs was seen when thermal conductivity achieved at a maximum of 3000 W (m K)−1 by using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a minimum internal thermal resistance of 0.3 mm2 K W−1. Meanwhile for fuel cell, the platinum/CNTs catalyst applied proton exchange membrane fuel cell achieved high power density of 661 mW cm−2 in the presence of Nafion electrolyte membrane. This review provides insights for scientists about the use of carbon materials, especially in energy system applications.

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Section: Limitations Related To Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

2019

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“…The population continuously increased until 6.5 billion in 2005. 6,7 Besides, fuel cell technologies provide high efficiency, sustainability, and environment friendly. Moreover, the modern lifestyle is extremely dependent on an electronic device, mobile, household appliance, and portable power generation; lifestyle that will be expecting the demand for electricity will increase further to 44% from 2006 to 2030.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

et al. 2019

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are an electrochemical energy converter that receives the world's attention as a power generation system of the future owing to its flexibility to consume various types of fuels, low emission of greenhouses gases, and having high efficiency reaching over 70%. A conventional SOFCs operates at high temperature, typically ranges between 800 to 1000°C. SOFCs use yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the electrolyte, which exhibits excellent oxide ion conductivity in this temperature range. However, this temperature range poses an issue to SOFCs durability, as it leads to the degradation of the cell components. In addition, SOFCs application is limited and difficult to implement for the transportation sector and portable appliance. A viable solution is to lower the SOFCs operating temperature to intermediate (600 to 800°C ) or low (<600°C) operating temperature. The benefit of this way, cell durability will improve, as well as other advantages such as facilitates handling, assembling, dismantling, cost reduction, and expanded the SOFCs application. Nonetheless, the key challenge for the issue is finding suitable electrolyte, as YSZ have lower ionic conductivity at low and intermediate temperature range. The aim of this paper is to review the status and challenges in the attempts made to modify YSZ electrolyte within the past decade. The resulting ionic conductivity, microstructure, and densification, mechanical and thermal properties of these 'new' electrolytes critically reviewed. The targeted conductivity of modification of YSZ electrolyte must be exceeded >0.1 S cm -1 to enable high performance of SOFCs power generation systems to be realized for transportation and portable applications. Based on our knowledge, this paper is the first review which focused on the recent status and challenges of YSZ electrolyte towards lowering the operating temperature.

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“…V act , V ohm , and V con are referred as unavoidable voltage drops in fuel cell respectively named the losses of activation, ohmic, and concentration. Further explanations can be found in literature

\begin{matrix} lefttrue \\ V_{italicfc} = n (E_{italicnernst} - V_{italicact} - V_{italicohm} - V_{italicmt}) = n (E_{italicnernst} - V_{italicact} - {italiciR}_{italicohm} - i {((), c_{2} \frac{i}{i_{\max}})}^{c_{3}}) \\ \{\begin{matrix} left \\ E_{italicnernst} = 1.229 - (8.5 \times 10^{- 4}) (T_{italicst} - 298.15) + 4.308 \times 10^{- 4} T_{italicst} [ln (\frac{P_{H_{2}}}{P_{italicatm}}) + \frac{1}{2} ln (\frac{P_{O_{2}}}{P_{italicatm}})] \\ V_{italicact} = ξ_{1} + ξ_{2} T_{italicst} + ξ_{3} T_{italicst} [ln (c_{o_{2}})] + ξ_{4} T_{italicst} [ln (I_{st})] \\ V_{italicohm} = I_{italicst} R_{italicohm} = I_{italicst} \cdot \frac{t_{m}}{σ_{m}} \\ V_{italicmt} = B ln (1 - \frac{i}{i_{\max}}) \end{matrix} \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Hybrid Power System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A thermal management system consisted of four axil fans regulates the optimal working temperature of fuel cell around 60°C. To avoid air starvation that happened when more power consumption is required by the air blower, the methodology used to control oxygen excess ratio is discussed in detail . The required power of an auxiliary system (mainly consumed by fan and air blower) should be considered when the desired strategy tracks the fuel cell system working at an optimal point because the consumption of BOPs can reach 20% of the total fuel cell system output power.…”

Section: Hybrid Power System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolated island also has a strong demand for independent power supply and portable power equipment . Although fuel cell system possesses several advantages, some critical issues should still be taken care of, such as output voltage fluctuation, slow responses time, cold start, high cost, durability, fuel economy, and lifetime . These shortcomings are the main obstacles of fuel cell for an isolated and wider application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of new energy management strategy for a household fuel cell/battery hybrid system

Yuan

Choi

et al. 2019

Int J Energy Res

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Summary This work aims to construct an efficient and robust fuel cell/battery hybrid operating system for a household application. The ability to dispatch the power demands, sustain the state of charge (SOC) of battery, optimize the power consumption, and more importantly, ensure the durability as well as extend the lifetime of a fuel cell system is the basic requirements of the hybrid operating system. New power management strategy based on fuzzy logical combined state machine control is developed, and its effectiveness is compared with various strategies such as dynamic programming (DP), state machine control, and fuzzy logical control with simulation. Experimental results are also presented, except for DP because of difficulties in achieving real‐time implementation and much faster response to load variation. The given current from the energy management system (EMS) as a reference of the fuel cell output current is determined by filtering out various harmful signals. The new power management strategy is applied to a 1‐kW stationary fuel cell/battery hybrid system. Results show that the fuel cell hybrid system can run much smoothly with prolonged lifetime.

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Current status, opportunities, and challenges in fuel cell catalytic application of aerogels

Cited by 34 publications

References 117 publications

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

Development of new energy management strategy for a household fuel cell/battery hybrid system

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