Current utilization of waste biomass as filler for wood adhesives: A review

Li, Yongfeng; Mo, Hailin; Xie, Enjun; Fang, Jianlin; Gan, Wee Liang

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.016

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…In practice, various types of flour are most often added as fillers, mainly rye flour or wheat flour [8]. However, according to Liu et al [9], the search for alternatives is gaining a lot of attention due to the waste of grain resources that could be used in the food industry. It is estimated that 1.5-2.0 million tons of flour were introduced as a filler in plywood production in 2021 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea–Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production

Kawalerczyk,

Walkiewicz,

Sedliačik

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The aim of the presented research was to determine the suitability of both non-modified and modified buckwheat husk (BH) as a filler for urea–formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production. The effect of two modification methods, acetylation and silanization, was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy outcomes confirmed that both acetylation and silanization of the filler had occurred. Based on the results, it was found that the introduction of BH had a significant effect on both the adhesive properties and the characteristics of the manufactured plywood. The application of non-modified husks led to a reduction in viscosity and an extension of the gelation time, and the produced plywood boards were characterized by reduced bonding quality and increased delamination. Modification of the husk surface by acetylation and silanization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane contributed to the noticeable improvement in the resin properties. On the other hand, the improvement in plywood properties, consisting of the increase in bonding quality and reduced delamination, was observed only in the case of the silanized husk. Furthermore, the use of non-modified and acetylated husk did not significantly influence the formaldehyde emission. The reduction in the investigated emission of formaldehyde was observed only in the case of variants containing 15 and 20% of silanized buckwheat husk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea–Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production

Kawalerczyk,

Walkiewicz,

Sedliačik

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Various fillers are utilized for plywood production both domestically and internationally. These include wheat flour, coconut shell powder, bark powder, mineral powder, soybean powder, wood powder, and lightweight calcium carbonate, among other mineral components [7]. In particular, domestically, flour is widely employed as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive within the plywood industry, with an annual consumption of approximately 300,000 tons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Preparation of Wood Adhesive Active Fillers from Tannin-/Bentonite-Modified Corn Cob

Yang,

Quan,

et al. 2024

Forests

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The artificial plywood industry in our country relies heavily on industrial flour as a filler for adhesives. Using abundant corn cob powder as the main raw material, corn cob powder was modified by impregnation with a sodium-based bentonite/bayberry tannin and used as filler for urea–formaldehyde resin (UF) adhesive, with NH4Cl as the curing agent and poplar veneer as the raw material to prepare plywood. The results showed that the modified corn cob powder with a particle size of 250 mesh was uniformly dispersed in the UF adhesive. When used as a filler, the modified corn cob powder effectively prevented the premature curing of the UF adhesive and significantly reduced its viscosity. Compared with flour filler, the bonding strength of the prepared plywood increased by 12.1%–19.6% while the formaldehyde emission decreased by 12.7%–27.8%. The cold pressing performance of the plywoods prepared with modified corn cob flour was comparable to the performance of plywood produced with industrial flour.

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“…The main purpose of lling material implementation is to lower the overall production costs, facilitate resin spread and reduce overpenetration of resin into a wood veneer surface (Cao et al 2020). Moreover, the use of materials with a high content of proteins or phenolic substances for this purpose may also contribute to the reduction of formaldehyde emission from the resultant products (Liu et al 2022; Kristak et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified pine needles as a formaldehyde scavenger for urea-formaldehyde resin in plywood production

Dukarska

Kawalerczyk

Kmieciak

2023

Preprint

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The aim of presented work was to investigate whether it is possible to use ground pine needles as a formaldehyde-scavenging filler for urea-formaldehyde resin in the production of plywood. The scope of the research included determinations of both optimal amount of introduced filler and the effect of its modification (silanization, hydrothermal and alkaline treatments). Properties of adhesives such as viscosity, gel time and pH were investigated and their morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Manufactured plywood were tested in terms of wet shear strength, tendency to delamination and formaldehyde emission. It was found that the addition of pine needles lowers the pH and reduces gel time of the adhesive. Moreover, it was shown that despite a significant reduction in formaldehyde emission, the addition of non-modified needles causes a decrease in bonding quality of plywood. Based on the results, 10 parts by weight of needles per 100 parts by weight of resin can be considered as optimal loading. The use of ground needles modified hydrothermally and with silane allows to minimize the negative effect on the strength of glue lines and leads to further reduction of formaldehyde emission. Therefore, it can be concluded that pine needles powder has a strong potential for the application as formaldehyde-scavenging filler for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production.

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Current utilization of waste biomass as filler for wood adhesives: A review

Cited by 25 publications

References 134 publications

Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea–Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production

Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea–Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production

Research on the Preparation of Wood Adhesive Active Fillers from Tannin-/Bentonite-Modified Corn Cob

Modified pine needles as a formaldehyde scavenger for urea-formaldehyde resin in plywood production

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