“…While in most cases, the expression of positive emotion to customers is a spontaneous process that does not require investment of effort because employees genuinely experience the emotions they are required to display (Diefendorff et al, 2005;Tschan et al, 2005;Zapf et al, 1999), anger-provoking events clearly demand effort and control, and usually result in expressing emotions that are in conflict with truly felt emotions (Grandey et al, 2007;Totterdell and Holman, 2003;Tschan et al, 2005). This experience, known as emotional dissonance, IJQSS 3,3 is regarded as the core component of emotional labor and one of the reasons that it is, in fact, "labor" (Hochschild, 1983;Morris and Feldman, 1996).…”