Cut-Off Scores of an Olfactory Function Test for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Kim, Hye Ri; Kim, Sun Mi; Seong, Wonshik; Min, Hyun Jin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ga, Hyuk; Han, Doug Hyun

doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0203

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Therefore, this tool could be sufficient for detecting cognitive decline in elderly people and could be used as an initial screening tool for individuals with cognitive decline who require further cognitive function tests. In a recent study evaluating the usefulness of the YSK olfactory function test for diagnosing dementia, the YSK odor threshold test showed good sensitivity (0.725) and specificity (0.837) in distinguishing between MCI and dementia [ 33 ]. The YSK odor identification test showed good sensitivity (0.785) and specificity (0.654) in distinguishing the normal cognition group from the MCI and dementia groups [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study evaluating the usefulness of the YSK olfactory function test for diagnosing dementia, the YSK odor threshold test showed good sensitivity (0.725) and specificity (0.837) in distinguishing between MCI and dementia [ 33 ]. The YSK odor identification test showed good sensitivity (0.785) and specificity (0.654) in distinguishing the normal cognition group from the MCI and dementia groups [ 33 ]. The UPSIT showed higher sensitivity (0.852) and specificity (0.818) in distinguishing between the normal cognitive group and the dementia group [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people

Kim

Min

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Olfactory impairment is associated with dementia and is a potential early biomarker of cognitive decline. We developed a novel olfactory threshold test called Sniff Bubble using rose odor-containing beads made with 2-phenylethyl alcohol. We aimed to define cut-off scores for this tool to help identify cognitive decline among elderly people. In total, 162 elderly people (mean age ± SD: 73.04 ± 8.73 years) were administered olfactory threshold and neurocognitive tests. For analyses, we divided the participants into two groups based on cognitive functioning, namely cognitive decline (n = 44) and normal cognition (n = 118) groups. The Sniff Bubble and YSK olfactory function test for olfactory threshold and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version and Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease assessment packet for neurocognitive functioning were used. We used K-means cluster analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify the most appropriate cut-off value. We established a positive correlation between the Sniff Bubble and neurocognitive function test scores (r = 0.431, p < 0.001). We defined the cut-off score, using the ROC curve analyses for Sniff Bubble scores, at 3 and higher with an area under the curve of 0.759 (p < 0.001). The Sniff Bubble test can adequately detect cognitive decline in elderly people and may be used clinically as the first step in the screening process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people

Kim

Min

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Several studies have found decline in olfactory discrimination ability in MCI and AD individuals [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. On the contrary, another study did not find any differences between MCI patients and the controls [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Olfactory Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Comorbidities

2021

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Over the past two decades, several studies have measured olfactory performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Deficits are observed in multiple olfactory domains, including odour detection threshold, identification, discrimination, and memory. In this study, the psychophysiological Sniffin’ Sticks smell screening test was administered to examine olfactory functioning in 145 older adults with MCI, a group with MCI and chronic comorbid conditions, and a healthy age-matched comparison group. We hypothesised that olfactory performance will deteriorate in the two MCI groups compared to the control group, even after assessing the known contributions of age and gender. The higher olfactory deterioration in the group with the MCI and the comorbidities in the first year disappeared in the second. This could mean that early consideration of the potential effect of other comorbidities that might affect olfaction should be taken and addressed, as they could easily mask the effect of cognitive decline and/or contribute to it. This study also found higher deterioration in smell identification in participants with MCI, as has been found repeatedly in similar research. Olfactory identification seems to be a more robust marker for discriminating people with MCI and without, and even discriminating between those with MCI and having other health problems.

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“…Similarly, this issue was also evident in other related studies. Kim et al reported that the modified Korean version of the Sniffin' Sticks test had a testing accuracy of 0.670 when distinguishing patients with MCI from NCs with a sensitivity of 0.462 at a cutoff point of 7 (Kim et al, 2020 ; Park et al, 2021 ). As described by Quarmley et al, Sniffin' Sticks were able to distinguish patients with MCI from normal individuals with an accuracy of 0.731, a sensitivity of 0.62, and a specificity of 0.73 at an optimal cutoff point; this test also distinguished AD from MCI with an accuracy of 0.67 (Quarmley et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

et al. 2023

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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ObjectivesOlfactory disorder is one of the sensory features that reflects a decline in cognitive function. However, olfactory changes and the discernibility of smell testing in the aging population have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Chinese Smell Identification Test (CSIT) in distinguishing individuals with cognitive decline from those with normal aging and to determine whether the patients with MCI and AD show changes in their olfactory identification abilities.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included eligible participants aged over 50 years between October 2019 and December 2021. The participants were divided into three groups: individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognitively normal controls (NCs). All participants were assessed using neuropsychiatric scales, the Activity of Daily Living scale, and the 16-odor cognitive state test (CSIT) test. The test scores and the severity of olfactory impairment were also recorded for each participant.ResultsIn total, 366 eligible participants were recruited, including 188 participants with MCI, 42 patients with AD, and 136 NCs. Patients with MCI achieved a mean CSIT score of 13.06 ± 2.05, while patients with AD achieved a mean score of 11.38 ± 3.25. These scores were significantly lower than those of the NC group (14.6 ± 1.57; P < 0.001). An analysis showed that 19.9% of NCs exhibited mild olfactory impairment, while 52.7% of patients with MCI and 69% of patients with AD exhibited mild to severe olfactory impairment. The CSIT score was positively correlated with the MoCA and MMSE scores. The CIST score and the severity of olfactory impairment were identified as robust indicators for MCI and AD, even after adjusting for age, gender, and level of education. Age and educational level were identified as two important confounding factors that influence cognitive function. However, no significant interactive effects were observed between these confounders and CIST scores in determining the risk of MCI. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) generated from the ROC analysis was 0.738 and 0.813 in distinguishing patients with MCI and patients with AD from NCs based on the CIST scores, respectively. The optimal cutoff for distinguishing MCI from NCs was 13, and for distinguishing AD from NCs was 11. The AUC for distinguishing AD from MCI was 0.62.ConclusionsThe olfactory identification function is frequently affected in patients with MCI and patients with AD. CSIT is a beneficial tool for the early screening of cognitive impairment among elderly patients with cognitive or memory issues.

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Cut-Off Scores of an Olfactory Function Test for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people

A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people

Olfactory Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Comorbidities

Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

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