Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity

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183

103

A variety of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in experimental animals include a prominent infiltrate of basophilic leukocytes. This form of reactivity has been designated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity and is favored when sensitization to several types of antigen is accomplished without the use of complete Freund's adjuvant. A similar type of hypersensitivity response was sought in man using morphologic techniques which permit identification of basophilic leukocytes. Eight individuals with allergic contact dermatitis to a variety of allergens were studied and six of these developed typical contact reactions with erythema, edema, and epidermal vesicles. The microscopic findings in 3-day biopsies from these individuals differed significantly from classic descriptions of tuberculin hypersensitivity and showed, in addition to mononuclear cells and the characteristic epidermal changes, a substantial infiltrate of basophilic leukocytes and evidence of altered vascular permeability with vascular compaction, dermal edema, and fibrin deposition. Serial biopsies from one individual permitted analysis of the microscopic pathology as it unfolded at successive intervals after patch test. The initial lesion consisted of perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes; this was followed by an influx of basophils and, subsequently, of eosinophils. These findings associate contact allergy in man with the parallel reactions of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in animals and provide further evidence for the heterogeneity of the cellular immune response. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that interaction between sensitized lymphocytes and antigen, at a local test site, is responsible for the attraction of basophils. They also directly implicate the clotting system in delayed-type reactions and suggest the possibility of a synergistic relationship between cellular immunity and reactions mediated by basophil-bound, homocytotrophic antibody.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basophilic Leukocytes in Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Dvorak

Mihm

1972

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183

103

“…The delayed sensitivity reactions elicited by administration of protein determinants in IFA or in saline have been referred to as cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity or Jones-Mote reactions and have been characterized by the presence of a larger number of basophils in the infiltrate than in the classical tuberculin-type reaction (15) . However, we have considered that both types of reactions are manifestations of the general phenomenon of delayed hypersensitivity whereby inflammatory reactions are elicited by products of sensitized T cells reacting with antigen.…”

Section: Failure Of Aba-specific Suppressor Cells To Inhibit T-cell Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of T-lymphocyte responses to a small molecular weight antigen. III. T-T cell interactions to determinants linked together: suppression vs. enhancement.

Bullock¹,

Katz²,

Benacerraf³

1975

The experiments presented in this paper demonstrate the existence of T-T cell interactions in responses to azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-protein conjugates, and also make the point that the spectrum of T-cell regulation from facilitation (i.e., help) at one end to suppression at the other, which has been well documented in T-B cell interactions, is also followed in T-cell regulation of other T lymphocytes. The data extend the activity of ABA-specific suppressor cells, which were shown to specifically suppress the development of delayed hypersensitivity to ABA-T, to T cells responsible for delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigens provided immunization is carried out with ABA conjugates of these antigens. Thus, suppressor T cells acting on the development of delayed hypersensitivity are not limited in their effects to T cells bearing the same specificity but can effectively suppress responses on immunologically unrelated T cells if they are specific for carrier antigens covalently linked to the ABA-T determinant. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that, as is true of T-B cell interactions, the most efficient T-T cell interactions occur to determinants linked together on the same molecule thus supporting the concept that development of effector T-cell function may involve participation of at least two distinct precursor cells, each of which may convey independent determinant specificities and/or genetic control.

“…The appearance of the sections confirmed the gross clinical impression of an immediate reaction for it contained numerous polymorphonuclear cells even in sections taken at 24 h. Interestingly, many appeared to be eosinophils rather than neutrophils. The sections also showed that lymphocytes and macrophages had collected about the blood vessels and in the epidermis, in the pattern so characteristic of delayed reactions and of cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (16,17,(20)(21)(22)(23). Because prolonged chronic basophilic skin reactions may be confused clinically and histologically with delayed reactions unless a search for basophils is made, sections of 24-h lesions were prepared and examined in 1-fern Epon-embedded sections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity to epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine-Ficoll in guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin.

McMaster¹,

Owens²,

Dvorak³

et al. 1977

Delayed skin hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was first described by Koch (1) who noted that an extract of tubercle bacilli could induce a prolonged skin reaction when appropriately inoculated into animals which had been made allergic to mycobacteria. Subsequently, Chase (2) showed that the tuberculindelayed type of allergy could be transferred by giving leukocytes derived from immunized animals to otherwise untreated recipients. More recently, Benacerraf and Gell (3-5) and others (6-11) examined the conditions required to induce and elicit delayed sensitivity to hapten protein complexes. They found that immunization with relatively small amounts of these complexes, such as 1-10 fig, produced a delayed type of allergic response that could be elicited with about 10 ~tg of the immunizing hapt~n protein complex, but not with the same hapten on another protein carrier (3).However, when they immunized with large amounts of the hapten-protein complex (1 mg), then they could elicit a delayed type of response with that hapten on another protein carrier provided they challenged the animals with a sufficiently large quantity, 100/~g per skin test site (4).It was of interest to extend these studies further to determine if animals immunized with a hapten-protein conjugate could respond with a delayed type of skin reaction when tested with the same hapten coupled to a carbohydrate carrier. Such a response to a hapten carbohydrate conjugate could then be employed to study further the importance of the carrier and the epitope density in delayed responses.We were also interested in the tolerogenic ability of the hapten carbohydrate complex to inhibit the formation of antibody and skin hypersensitivity in animals immunized with a hapten-protein conjugate. For these purposes the experiments described below were undertaken. Materials and MethodsAnimals. Guinea pigs of the Hartley strain, strain 13, strain 2, NIH strain and NIH C4-deficient subline guinea pigs were supplied by the Rabbit and Rodent Section of the NIH. They were fed Feed A pellets, along with kale and water, all ad lib.