Cutaneous Reactions to Aluminum

Kullberg, Sara A.; Ward, Jordan Maxwell; Liou, Yujie Linda; Atwater, Amber Reck; Hylwa, Sara; Neeley, Anne B; Warshaw, Erin M.

doi:10.1097/der.0000000000000633

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The major sources for aluminum sensitization have been aluminum-containing preparations used for allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and aluminum-containing vaccines. 7,11,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Other aluminum sources such as antiperspirants/deodorants, 7,[35][36][37] astringent solutions, 38,39 and elemental aluminum 40 have been reported as causes of sensitization.…”

Section: Sensitization To Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unexpected aluminum allergy has also been detected when patients have reacted to the aluminum test chambers used at patch testing. 7,35,[37][38][39]43,45 No contact allergy was detected when aluminum powder was patch tested in a metal series in 633 patients at 4 US departments. 46 Aluminum allergy was also not detected when elemental aluminum was patch tested in 2 prospective orthopedic materials with 60 47 and 96 patients, 48 respectively.…”

Section: Contact Allergy Rates In Various Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 Parents of these children reported a decreased life quality for themselves and their children. 32 Patients may present with a localized eczematous dermatitis present in the axilla, 7,9,35,36 on the leg, 39 or on the hands. 40,43 Sterile abscesses 25 and widespread dermatitis/systemic contact dermatitis have also been reported.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Aluminum Contact Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Bruze¹,

Netterlid²,

Siemund³

2022

Dermatitis

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Exposure to elemental aluminum and its salts is unavoidable. Aluminum as a metal is present in transport, construction, packaging, and electronic equipment. Aluminum salts are present in consumer products, food items and drinking water, vaccines, drugs, and antiperspirants. Aluminum in vaccines and preparations for allergen-specific immunotherapy are the major sensitization sources. The predominent clinical manifestations of aluminum allergy are pruritic subcutaneous nodules and eczematous dermatitis. Patch testing shall be performed with aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) in petrolatum. The preparation with ACH 10% detects substantially more aluminum allergy than ACH 2%. A patch test with elemental aluminum, for example, an empty Finn Chamber, is only positive when there is a strong aluminum allergy. A patch test reading should be performed 1 week after the application so as not to miss 15% to 20% of aluminum allergy. Aluminum should be included in any baseline patch test series for children and investigated for a possible inclusion in baseline series for adults. Aluminum test chambers can interfere with the testing resulting in both false-negative and false-positive patch test reactions to nonaluminum contact sensitizers.A luminum has within the periodic system the symbol Al and atom number 13. Its weight is 26.98. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust; approximately 8% of the crust consists of aluminum. It is rare to find aluminum in its elemental form because it is too reactive. Pure aluminum virtually always forms compounds by bonding to other elements, oxygen being a favorite. In our environment, aluminum is present as oxides. EXPOSUREAluminum is widely used and contact with its elemental form or its salts is unavoidable. The metal form of aluminum has many advantages because it is soft, nonmagnetic, light, corrosion resistant, and recyclable. Aluminum as a metal is, therefore, used in applications such as in transport, packaging, construction, electronic equipment, household goods, and as alloys in medicine and dentistry. Aluminum as a trivalent metal cation, Al 3+ , can be found in many different aluminum salts with various properties. These salts are, therefore, used in industry, cosmetics, sunscreens, dental restorations, food, and medicine. [1][2][3] Aluminum is also found in drinking water. 3 Examples of the use of aluminum salts include aluminum sulfate, which is used in water purification and paper production. Aluminum acetate and aluminum acetotartrate are used as astringents in solutions. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) and aluminum chlorohydrate are used in antiperspirants. In antacids, aluminum hydroxide can be used. Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate are added to many vaccines to enhance the immune response in the treated individuals. Aluminum may also be found in tattoo pigments. 4

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Section: Sensitization To Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contact Allergy Rates In Various Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Aluminum Contact Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Bruze¹,

Netterlid²,

Siemund³

2022

Dermatitis

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“…Contact allergy to elemental aluminum is rare; on the other hand, aluminum salts (the forms we are likely to encounter in daily life) are now recognized in the field of contact dermatitis as allergens of significance, particularly in the pediatric population. 1,6 First reported as a possible occupational allergen in 1944, 7 aluminum allergy came to prominence in the 1990s in association with vaccines. Aluminum is included in some vaccines as an adjuvant that bolsters the immune response 8 ; the eTable lists currently available aluminumcontaining vaccines in the United States; of note, none of the COVID-19 vaccines approved in the United States or Europe contain aluminum.…”

Section: Aluminum Contact Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aluminum complexes react with electrolytes in sweat to form plugs in eccrine ducts, thereby preventing sweat excretion. 6 Allergic contact dermatitis to these products presents with axillary-vault dermatitis. There also have been reports of ACD to aluminum in sunscreen and toothpaste, with the latter implicated in causing systemic ACD.…”

Section: Aluminum Contact Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminum: The 2022 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year

Novack

Adler

2022

Cutis

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Aluminum recently was selected as the 2022 Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Aluminum contact allergy, which most often is related to its use as an adjuvant in select vaccines and allergen-specific immunotherapies, tends to present with pruritic subcutaneous nodules at the injection site. Allergy to aluminum-containing antiperspirants manifests as axillary vault dermatitis. In this article, we highlight the growing recognition of aluminum contact allergy, particularly in the pediatric population, focusing on distinct presentations of aluminum allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), unique sources of exposure, and nuances of patch testing to this metal.

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Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Daftary

Liszewski

2022

Curr Derm Rep

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Cutaneous Reactions to Aluminum

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Aluminum: The 2022 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year

Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis

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