Cuticular Waxes of Arabidopsis thaliana Shoots: Cell-Type-Specific Composition and Biosynthesis

Hegebarth, Daniela; Jetter, Reinhard

doi:10.3390/plants6030027

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Cutin polyester is mainly formed by interlinking through ester bonds of ω-hydroxy C16 or C18 fatty acids and their derivatives (Beisson et al, 2012;Bakan and Marion, 2017). Major components of cuticular waxes are very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA, longer than C20) and their derivatives including alkanes, aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, and wax esters (Lee and Suh, 2013;Hegebarth and Jetter, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AP2/DREB Transcription Factor RAP2.4 Activates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves Under Drought

Yang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Drought is a critical environmental stress that limits growth and development of plants and reduces crop productivity. The aerial part of land plants is covered with cuticular waxes to minimize water loss. To understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis under drought stress conditions, we characterized the role of an AP2/DREB type transcription factor, RAP2.4. RAP2.4 expression was detected in one-week-old seedlings and rosette leaves, stems, stem epidermis, cauline leaves, buds, flowers, and siliques of 6-week-old Arabidopsis. The levels of RAP2.4 transcripts increased with treatments of abscisic acid (ABA), mannitol, NaCl, and drought stress. Under drought, total wax loads decreased by approximately 11% and 10%, and in particular, the levels of alkanes, which are a major wax component, decreased by approximately 11% and 12% in rap2.4-1 and rap2.4-2 leaves, respectively, compared with wild type (WT) leaves. Moreover, the transcript levels of cuticular wax biosynthetic genes, KCS2 and CER1, decreased by approximately 15-23% and 32-40% in rap2.4-1 and rap2.4-2 leaves, respectively, relative to WT 4 h after drought treatment, but increased by 2-to 12-fold and 3-to 70-fold, respectively, in three independent RAP2.4 OX leaves relative to WT. Epicuticular wax crystals were observed on the leaves of RAP2.4 OX plants, but not on the leaves of WT. Total wax loads increased by 1.5-to 3.3-fold in leaves of RAP2.4 OX plants relative to WT. Cuticular transpiration and chlorophyll leaching occurred slowly in the leaves of RAP2.4 OX plants relative to WT. Transcriptional activation assay in tobacco protoplasts showed that RAP2.4 activates the expression of KCS2 and CER1 through the involvement of the consensus CCGAC or GCC motifs present in the KCS2 and CER1 promoter regions. Overall, our results revealed that RAP2.4 is a transcription factor that activates cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis leaves under drought stress conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AP2/DREB Transcription Factor RAP2.4 Activates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves Under Drought

Yang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Primary alcohols are subsequently esterified with fatty acids, forming alkyl‐esters, catalyzed by wax synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD1; Li et al , ). In the alkane pathway, VLCFA‐CoAs are reduced and decarbonylated to alkanes by CER1 and CER3 (Bernard et al , ; Hegebarth & Jetter, ). Alkanes can be further modified to primary alcohols by WSL5 in rice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5 hydroxylates alkanes to primary alcohols and is involved in rice leaf cuticular wax synthesis

et al. 2019

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Odd-numbered primary alcohols are components of plant cuticular wax, but their biosynthesis remains unknown.We isolated a rice wax crystal-sparse leaf 5 (WSL5) gene using a map-based cloning strategy. The function of WSL5 was illustrated by overexpression and knockout in rice, heterologous expression in Arabidopsis and transient expression in tobacco leaves.WSL5 is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5. The wsl5 mutant lacked crystalloid platelets on the surface of cuticle membrane, and its cuticle membrane was thicker than that of the wild-type. The wsl5 mutant is more tolerant to drought stress. The load of C 23 -C 33 alkanes increased, whereas the C 29 primary alcohol reduced significantly in wsl5 mutant and WSL5 knockout transgenic plants. Overexpression of WSL5 increased the C 29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes in rice leaves. Heterologous expression of WSL5 increased the C 29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes, secondary alcohol, and ketone in Arabidopsis stem wax. Transient expression of WSL5 in tobacco leaves also increased the production C 29 primary alcohol.WSL5 catalyzes the terminal hydroxylation of alkanes, yielding odd-numbered primary alcohols, and is involved in the formation of epidermal wax crystals on rice leaf, affecting drought sensitivity.

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“…One example of a comparative study was conducted on trichome cuticles in Arabidopsis (Hegebarth et al., 2016), where comparison of trichome‐enriched and depleted genotypes revealed an increase in longer chain alkanes and alkenes in trichome‐rich material. Integration of gene expression data lead to the conclusion that trichomes possess autonomous wax biosynthesis (Hegebarth et al., 2016; Hegebarth & Jetter, 2017). The exposed position of trichomes requires increased flexibility to withstand mechanical stress, but the role of the trichome cuticle, and its specific composition, is unclear (Hegebarth & Jetter, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure‐function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its potential role in dehydration and leaf rolling

et al. 2020

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The hydrophobic cuticle of plant shoots serves as an important interaction interface with the environment. It consists of the lipid polymer cutin, embedded with and covered by waxes, and provides protection against stresses including desiccation, UV radiation, and pathogen attack. Bulliform cells form in longitudinal strips on the adaxial leaf surface, and have been implicated in the leaf rolling response observed in drought‐stressed grass leaves. In this study, we show that bulliform cells of the adult maize leaf epidermis have a specialized cuticle, and we investigate its function along with that of bulliform cells themselves. Bulliform cells displayed increased shrinkage compared to other epidermal cell types during dehydration of the leaf, providing a potential mechanism to facilitate leaf rolling. Analysis of natural variation was used to relate bulliform strip patterning to leaf rolling rate, providing further evidence of a role for bulliform cells in leaf rolling. Bulliform cell cuticles showed a distinct ultrastructure with increased cuticle thickness compared to other leaf epidermal cells. Comparisons of cuticular conductance between adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and between bulliform‐enriched mutants versus wild‐type siblings, showed a correlation between elevated water loss rates and presence or increased density of bulliform cells, suggesting that bulliform cuticles are more water‐permeable. Biochemical analysis revealed altered cutin composition and increased cutin monomer content in bulliform‐enriched tissues. In particular, our findings suggest that an increase in 9,10‐epoxy‐18‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid content, and a lower proportion of ferulate, are characteristics of bulliform cuticles. We hypothesize that elevated water permeability of the bulliform cell cuticle contributes to the differential shrinkage of these cells during leaf dehydration, thereby facilitating the function of bulliform cells in stress‐induced leaf rolling observed in grasses.

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Cuticular Waxes of Arabidopsis thaliana Shoots: Cell-Type-Specific Composition and Biosynthesis

Cited by 25 publications

References 97 publications

AP2/DREB Transcription Factor RAP2.4 Activates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves Under Drought

AP2/DREB Transcription Factor RAP2.4 Activates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves Under Drought

Cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5 hydroxylates alkanes to primary alcohols and is involved in rice leaf cuticular wax synthesis

Structure‐function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its potential role in dehydration and leaf rolling

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