Cyanamides

Güthner, Thomas; Mertschenk, Bernd

doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_139.pub2

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Cyanamide 7 (p K a =10.3 in H 2 O)[48] is known to dimerise in aqueous solution. [49] The rise in pH would allow access to the conjugate base 23 , which could undergo nucleophilic attack onto 1 to give cyanoguanidine 24 (Scheme 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Potential TNA and RNA Nucleoside Precursors in a Prebiotic Mixture by Pure Shift Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy

Islam¹,

Aguilar²,

Powner³

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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In the context of prebiotic chemistry, one of the characteristics of mixed nitrogenous-oxygenous chemistry is its propensity to give rise to highly complex reaction mixtures. There is therefore an urgent need to develop improved spectroscopic techniques if onerous chromatographic separations are to be avoided. One potential avenue is the combination of pure shift methodology, in which NMR spectra are measured with greatly improved resolution by suppressing multiplet structure, with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, in which NMR signals from different species are distinguished through their different rates of diffusion. Such a combination has the added advantage of working with intact mixtures, allowing analyses to be carried out without perturbing mixtures in which chemical entities are part of a network of reactions in equilibrium. As part of a systems chemistry approach towards investigating the self-assembly of potentially prebiotic small molecules, we have analysed the complex mixture arising from mixing glycolaldehyde and cyanamide, in a first application of pure shift DOSY NMR to the characterisation of a partially unknown reaction composition. The work presented illustrates the potential of pure shift DOSY to be applied to chemistries that give rise to mixtures of compounds in which the NMR signal resolution is poor. The direct formation of potential RNA and TNA nucleoside precursors, amongst other adducts, was observed. These preliminary observations may have implications for the potentially prebiotic assembly chemistry of pyrimidine threonucleotides, and therefore of TNA, by using recently reported chemistries that yield the activated pyridimidine ribonucleotides.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Potential TNA and RNA Nucleoside Precursors in a Prebiotic Mixture by Pure Shift Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy

Islam¹,

Aguilar²,

Powner³

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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“…Indeed it was found that 0.06% MMS treatment for 2 h resulted in approximately 90% cell death, while 0.015% MMS treatment for 2 h has very little if any toxicity (Figure 1E ). On the other hand, cyanamide has been used as a herbicide and fungicide due to its mild toxicity ( Güthner and Mertschenk, 2000 ). Little is known about the relative sensitivity of yeast to cyanamide, although we previously demonstrated that budding yeast cells lacking the cyanamide hydratase activity displayed an enhanced sensitivity to cyanamide ( Li et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of a Strongly Inducible DDI2 Promoter to Control Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

et al. 2018

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Regulating target gene expression is a common method in yeast research. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are several widely used regulated expression systems, such as the GAL and Tet-off systems. However, all current expression systems possess some intrinsic deficiencies. We have previously reported that the DDI2 gene can be induced to very high levels upon cyanamide or methyl methanesulfonate treatment. Here we report the construction of gene expression systems based on the DDI2 promoter in both single- and multi-copy plasmids. Using GFP as a reporter gene, it was demonstrated that the target gene expression could be increased by up to 2,000-fold at the transcriptional level by utilizing the above systems. In addition, a DDI2-based construct was created for promoter shuffling in the budding yeast genome to control endogenous gene expression. Overall, this study offers a set of convenient and highly efficient experimental tools to control target gene expression in budding yeast.

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“…2014). In Germany, there is official recognition of DCD's properties (Nõmmik 1958; Anon 1996; Güthner & Mertschenk 2006).…”

Section: Fertilizer Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Managing clubroot disease (caused byPlasmodiophora brassicaeWor.) by exploiting the interactions between calcium cyanamide fertilizer and soil microorganisms

Dixon

2016

J. Agric. Sci.

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SUMMARYCalcium cyanamide is a nitrogenous fertilizer used predominantly for over a century in field and glasshouse vegetable and salad production. The current review draws together, for the first time, knowledge concerning the biological properties of the compound that benefit crop production by encouraging sustainable soil health and quality. This is achieved through the increase of microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens. The review also reports on the natural occurence and degradation of cyanamide. The literature survey provides a perspective of research from the early 1900s to current studies. This identifies that nitrogen is released steadily into the rhizosphere from this fertilizer. Calcium is also readily available for plant roots and promotes the alkaline soil conditions beneficial to benign microorganisms. Consequently, soil suppressiveness towards organisms such asPlasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot disease in brassicas, develops. The effects of calcium and accompanying changes in soil pH values are discussed in relation to the life-cycle stages ofP. brassicaeand the development of clubroot disease. Formulations of calcium cyanamide contain the dimeric form, dicyandiamide. This compound slows soil nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching into ground waters, reducing potential pollution. Calcium cyanamide is normally used for growing specialized fresh produce and is not available in quantities comparable with ammoniacal fertilizers. It is contended, however, that it has properties deserving wider assessment because of their implications for sustainable cropping.

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Cyanamides

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Calcium Cyanamide 1.1. Physical Properties … Show more

Cited by 19 publications

References 72 publications

Detection of Potential TNA and RNA Nucleoside Precursors in a Prebiotic Mixture by Pure Shift Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy

Detection of Potential TNA and RNA Nucleoside Precursors in a Prebiotic Mixture by Pure Shift Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy

Utilization of a Strongly Inducible DDI2 Promoter to Control Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Managing clubroot disease (caused byPlasmodiophora brassicaeWor.) by exploiting the interactions between calcium cyanamide fertilizer and soil microorganisms

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