Cyanobacteria &lt;em&gt;Scytonema javanicum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Scytonema ocellatum&lt;/em&gt; Lipopolysaccharides Elicit Release of Superoxide Anion, Matrix-metalloproteinase-9, Cytokines and Chemokines by Rat Microglia In Vitro

Klemm, Lucas C.; Czerwonka, Evan; Hall, Melanie; Williams, Philip G.; Mayer, Alejandro M. S.

doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0085.v1

2018

DOI: 10.20944/preprints201801.0085.v1

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Cyanobacteria <em>Scytonema javanicum</em> and <em>Scytonema ocellatum</em> Lipopolysaccharides Elicit Release of Superoxide Anion, Matrix-metalloproteinase-9, Cytokines and Chemokines by Rat Microglia In Vitro

Lucas C. Klemm

Evan Czerwonka

Melanie Hall

et al.

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Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

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Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water

Thawabteh,

Naseef,

Karaman

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.

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Cyanobacteria <em>Scytonema javanicum</em> and <em>Scytonema ocellatum</em> Lipopolysaccharides Elicit Release of Superoxide Anion, Matrix-metalloproteinase-9, Cytokines and Chemokines by Rat Microglia In Vitro

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water

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