CYANOBACTERIAL ACCLIMATION TO RAPIDLY FLUCTUATING LIGHT IS CONSTRAINED BY INORGANIC CARBON STATUS<sup>1</sup>

MacKenzie, Tyler D. B.; Campbell, Douglas A.

doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00096.x

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Notably, the increase in the light saturation parameter I k in all species in response to fluctuating light indicates an acclimation of the chlorophyll-specific photosynthesis to better use the high light peaks in the fluctuating light regimes. Since the chlorophyll-specific rates of photosynthesis are not constant (which we observed in all species), the same P-I curves cannot be used under both constant and fluctuating light (Kroon et al 1992;MacKenzie and Campbell 2005). On the other hand, photoacclimation seeks to maximize growth rates (Dimier et al 2009), so that the effects of fluctuating light on growth rates in our experiments were stable and easily predictable as demonstrated above.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Shatwell

Nicklisch

Köhler

2012

Limnology & Oceanography

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We measured specific growth rates of Stephanodiscus minutulus, Nitzschia acicularis (diatoms), and Limnothrix redekei (cyanobacterium) under fluctuating and constant light in semi-continuous culture at 10uC, 15uC, and 20uC and under photoperiods of 6 h d 21 and 12 h d 21 . Fluctuating light regimes simulated regular vertical mixing in lakes with a ratio of euphotic to mixed depth (z eu : z mix ) of 1 and 0.5 on a cloudless day. Light fluctuations at z eu : z mix 5 1 decreased the growth rates of S. minutulus, N. acicularis, and L. redekei by 18%, 33%, and 29%, respectively, compared to constant light at the same daily light supply. Temperature had no effect on this decrease. Halving z eu : z mix (simulating deep mixing) had the same effect on growth as halving the photoperiod, demonstrating that these factors are cumulative. We introduce a simple empirical factor to adjust growth rates measured under constant light to account for fluctuating light. This factor is independent of temperature and photoperiod, applies over a range of z eu : z mix , and accurately describes present and published growth rates of several species. We show how to account for temporal variability of the light supply at different temperatures and photoperiods when predicting growth rates of phytoplankton.Phytoplankton experience a steadily changing light supply, due to, for example, the course of sunlight throughout the day, varying cloud cover, wave reflections, and vertical transport within the mixed layer. Thus, light is a complex resource for phytoplankton, with both temporal components, like daylength and intensity fluctuations, and a quantitative component, the amount of light energy. In terms of phytoplankton growth, ''light limitation'' generally refers to limitation by the amount of light energy; however, this may not be so simple. During spring, light and temperature generally limit algal growth in lakes before nutrient limitation sets in (Sommer et al. 1986). However, there is evidence that it is not the daily amount of light energy (as mol quanta m 22 d 21 ) but the photoperiod that co-limits algal growth in addition to temperature in early spring, at least in shallow lakes (Nicklisch et al. 2008). Here, calculations based on laboratory measurements of interactions between daily irradiance, photoperiod, and temperature demonstrated that, under spring conditions in a temperate lake, the amount of light energy was only growth limiting for the species tested on certain overcast days, whereas temperature and photoperiod were always important. The photoperiod is determined by the length of the solar day; and, if the euphotic depth (z eu ) is smaller than the mixed depth (z mix ), then algae additionally spend a certain amount of time in the aphotic zone in relative darkness and the effective photoperiod decreases by z eu : z mix . Since algae respond in a species-specific and nonlinear way to growth factors like photoperiod

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Shatwell

Nicklisch

Köhler

2012

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…These values appear highly conservative for PSII but not PSI in cyanobacteria and higher plants. Furthermore, they demonstrate that more chl a is associated with PSI than can be ascertained from observations based on PSU size (MacKenzie and Campbell 2005, Nelson and Yocum 2006). From chl a PSII and chl a PSI , we calculated that as much as ∼80% of the total chl a was associated with PSI for both strains of E. huxleyi .…”

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confidence: 90%

“…To date, direct estimation of σ PSI has been performed using rapid (<10 ms) P700 oxidation kinetics during exposure to a fast‐rising saturating light (MacKenzie et al. 2004, MacKenzie and Campbell 2005) or photochemical thermal efficiencies derived from photoacoustics (Berges et al. 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)¹

Suggett

Floc’h

Harris

et al. 2007

Journal of Phycology

109

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Photoacclimation involves the modification of components of the light and dark reactions to optimize photosynthesis following changes in available light. All of the energy required for photosynthesis comes from linear electron transport through PSII and PSI and is dependent upon the amount of light harvested by PSII relative to PSI (a* PSII and a* PSI ). The amount of light harvested is determined by the effective absorption cross-sections (r PSII , r PSI ) and cellular contents of the PSII and PSI reaction center complexes (RCII, RCI). Here, we examine the effective absorption cross-sections and reaction center contents for calcifying (B11) and noncalcifying (B92) strains of the globally important coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. H. Hay et H. Mohler when grown under various photon flux densities (PFDs). The two strains displayed different ''strategies'' of acclimation. As growth PFD increased, B11 preferentially changed r and the cellular content of chl a per cell over PSU ''size'' (the total cellular chl a content associated with the reaction center complexes); strain B92 preferentially changed PSU size over the cellular content of reaction complexes. Neither strategy was specifically consistent with the majority of previous studies from other microalgal species. For both strains, cellular light absorption for PSII and PSI was maintained close to unity across the range of growth PFDs since changes of r PSII and r PSI were reciprocated by those of RCIIs and RCIs per cell. Our results demonstrate a significant adaptive flexibility of E. huxleyi to photoacclimate. Finally, we calculated the amount of chl a associated with either photosystem to consider our interpretations of photoacclimation based on conventional determinations of PSU size.

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“…It has long been recognized that variability in the light environment due to vertical mixing can affect the accuracy of estimates of in situ photosynthesis (Marra 1980;MacIntyre et al 2000). Higher frequency variability, such as that caused by wavefocusing in the upper euphotic zone (Dera and Gordon 1970), does not appear to affect photosynthetic physiology in those eukaryotes studied (Stramski et al 1993;Mouget et al 1995a, b) but has been shown to induce an acclimative change in a cyanobacterium (MacKenzie and Campbell 2005). Numerous approaches have been made to mimic variability in the light regime in incubation experiments.…”

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A model of photosynthesis and photo‐protection based on reaction center damage and repair

Ross

Moore

Suggett

et al. 2008

Limnology & Oceanography

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Phytoplankton photosynthesis under the rapidly fluctuating irradiance which results from turbulent mixing through the vertical light gradient is poorly understood. Ship-based measurements often apply the fast repetition rate fluorescence (FRRF) technique in situ or in vivo to gauge the physiological state of the phytoplankton community and infer some of the physical properties of the water column (such as mixing time scales). We describe the development and validation of a model of photosynthetic electron turnover at photosystem II with consideration of downstream limitation, based on the redox state of photosystem II. We also include empirical formulations for slower processes such as photo-protection (from nonphotochemical quenching) and photo-inhibition. By confronting the simple model with laboratory data for Dunaliella tertiolecta, we were able to refine the model so that it faithfully produced rates of photosynthetic electron transfer determined by FRR fluorescence. Further, we were able to validate the model estimates of linear photosynthetic electron transfer rates against completely independent measurements obtained using 14 C-bicarbonate assimilation in photosynthesis-light curves.The light dependence of phytoplankton photosynthesis is one of the most intensively studied aspects of phytoplankton physiology (Jassby and Platt 1976;Cullen 1990;Falkowski and Raven 2007). Nonetheless, most commonly used incubation procedures (e.g., Knap et al. [1996] p. 159) do not resolve photosynthesis rates on the time scales of variability in photon flux density (PFD) that are experienced by the phytoplankton in situ. It has long been recognized that variability in the light environment due to vertical mixing can affect the accuracy of estimates of in situ photosynthesis (Marra 1980;MacIntyre et al. 2000). Higher frequency variability, such as that caused by wavefocusing in the upper euphotic zone (Dera and Gordon 1970), does not appear to affect photosynthetic physiology in those eukaryotes studied (Stramski et al. 1993; Mouget et al. 1995a, b) Empirical approaches may fail to match the variability (both magnitude and frequency) imposed by the experimenter in the incubation to the variability that is experienced by phytoplankton in the natural environment. Accurately reproducing the natural light regime requires a priori knowledge of both the dynamic range and rate of change of irradiance. These can be derived from three parameters (the attenuation coefficient, the depth of the mixed layer, and the vertical diffusivity) for deck incubations and two (mixed-layer depth and diffusivity) for in situ incubations. Each of these input variables can vary within the duration of an hours-long incubation. Methods that have been tested or proposed for providing a match between the natural variability and the imposed regime include analysis of dye diffusion (Mallin and Paerl 1992), incorporation of motion sensors on a submersible incubator (Kirkpatrick et al. 1990) and parallel estimation of diffusivity, using an acousti...

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CYANOBACTERIAL ACCLIMATION TO RAPIDLY FLUCTUATING LIGHT IS CONSTRAINED BY INORGANIC CARBON STATUS¹

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)¹

A model of photosynthesis and photo‐protection based on reaction center damage and repair

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CYANOBACTERIAL ACCLIMATION TO RAPIDLY FLUCTUATING LIGHT IS CONSTRAINED BY INORGANIC CARBON STATUS1

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Temperature and photoperiod effects on phytoplankton growing under simulated mixed layer light fluctuations

Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)1

A model of photosynthesis and photo‐protection based on reaction center damage and repair

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CYANOBACTERIAL ACCLIMATION TO RAPIDLY FLUCTUATING LIGHT IS CONSTRAINED BY INORGANIC CARBON STATUS¹

Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)¹