Cyberprzestrzeń jako nowy wymiar aktywności człowieka – analiza pojęciowa

Abstract

Cyberprzestrzeń jest przestrzenią komunikacyjną tworzoną przez systemy powiązań internetowych. Pozwala jej użytkownikom na komunikację w sieci i nawiązywanie relacji w czasie rzeczywistym. Cyberprzestrzeń jest także środowiskiem wymiany informacji za pomocą sieci i systemów komputerowych. Autor opisuje w artykule przestrzeń cybernetyczną jako wymiar aktywności człowieka, w której wszelkie działania odbiegają charakterem od środowiska fizycznego. Przedstawia zakres pojęciowy i strukturalny tej przestrzeni, która obok środowiska lądowego, morskiego, powietrznego i kosmicznego stała się nowym wymiarem działań człowieka, także tych o charakterze militarnym. ABSTRACT: Cyberspace is a communication space created by Internet connections systems. It allows its users to communicate on the network and establish relationships in real time. Cyberspace is also an information exchange environment using networks and computer systems. In the paper, the author describes the cybernetic space as the dimension of human activity in which all activities diverge in character from the physical environment. It presents the conceptual and structural scope of this space, which, apart from the land, sea, air and space environment, has become a new dimension of human activities, including those of a military nature.

The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age : Perspectives on Analysis of Certain Central European Countries’ Legislation and Practice

“…Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 14 In this article of the ICCPR, the same rights are protected and this has to be taken into account when discussing the scope of protection through privacy law. This is shaped by the fact that privacy, family, home and correspondence are connected with honor and reputation.…”

“…At the same time, the protection of privacy is also linked to other fundamental rights, most closely to the right to human dignity which, according to the Hungarian Constitutional Court (CC, Alkotmánybíróság) it is one of the constituent elements of. 14 Art. VI (1) of the Fundamental Law was amended by the Seventh Amendment of the Fundamental Law in 2018 to include an additional sentence that responds to the challenges of digitalization while complying with the protection enshrined in Art.…”

“…13 Everyone is equally entitled to natural rights, and no one can be deprived of them. 14 Among these rights is the right to privacy, the root of which is indisputably human dignity. When juxtaposing human dignity with privacy, dignity is an individual's intangible, intimate sphere that gives legitimacy to the right to privacy.…”

“…13 In one famous case Griswold v. Connecticut decision (381 U.S. 479) in the 1965 the Supreme Court found the right to privacy of the individual hidden in some provisions of the Constitution, especially the Fourth Amendment protection against search and seizure. 14 Hence, privacy is not explicitly stated in the Constitution, "it falls to Congress and the courts to determine the scope of that 'penumbra.'" 15 Today, privacy is guaranteed with many international, regional, and national documents, e.g., the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 16 the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), 17 the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), the Declaration on Mass Communication Media and Human Rights ("Declaration on Mass Communication"), 18 the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 19 the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 20 the Treaty on the European Union 11 Brandeis, 1890, p. 2.…”

“…There is no doubt that state jurisdiction, which is based on the territorial nature of the state respecting the physical boundaries of the country's geography, might be considered distant from the concept of digital world, the virtual nature of which is primarily based on crossing borders; for some authors, even the issue of boundlessness is included. 14 Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that both of these concepts incorporate an aspect of control; in both cases, therefore, a state must be present in relation to its jurisdiction to create and enforce law, by judicial tools if necessary. 15 To respect the academic goal of the present project of the Central European Academy, the present chapter is not so far reaching as to analyze and offer solutions to guarantee proper application and support of the right to privacy in the digital era.…”