Cyclic Nucleotides and Nucleotide Cyclases in Plants Under Stress

New Insight into Plant Signaling: Extracellular ATP and Uncommon Nucleotides

“…Nowadays this term embraces many other compounds including second messengers, such as cytosolic Ca 2+ [1], reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) [2] or cyclic nucleotides such as adenosine 3 ,5 -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3 ,5 -cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) [3]. Nowadays there is more and more information about synthesis, degradation, and function of cAMP and cGMP in plant [3][4][5], and they are currently accepted as key signaling molecules in many processes in plants including growth and differentiation, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic defense [6]. However, recently it was shown that nucleotides, such as ATP and (di)nucleoside polyphosphates, also can play signaling roles in plant cells.…”

Exogenous adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate behaves as a signal molecule in plants; it augments metabolism of phenylpropanoids and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings

“…Cyclic nucleotides are products of the specific nucleotide cyclases, adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) ( Swie _ zawska et al, 2014) and guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2) (its presence in plants is not certain). Degradation of cAMP and cGMP is catalyzed by more or less specific 3 0 ,5 0 -cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17) (Pietrowska-Borek et al, 2014a). (4) Plant cells respond to stress by intensifying production of various phenylpropanoic compounds (Lawton et al, 1983;Dixon and Paiva, 1995;Liu and McClure, 1995), such as flavonoids (Winkel-Shirley, 2001;Olsen et al, 2008), lignins (Moura et al, 2010), anthocyanins (Steyn et al, 2002;Bandurska et al, 2012) and salicylic acid (Hayat Abbreviations: PAL, phenylalanine:ammonia lyase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase; C4H, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CCR, cinnamoylcoenzyme A:NADP oxidoreductase; ICS, isochorismate synthase; NH 2 -pA, adenosine 5 0 -phosphoramidate; F-pA, adenosine 5 0 -monophosphofluoride; SA, salicylic acid; HIT proteins, superfamily of proteins that contain histidine-triad sequence motif.…”

“…Although it is not yet known what factors affect the accumulation of NH 2 -pA in cells and whether its concentration may be increased by stress, we wondered if this rare nucleotide exerts any biochemical effect; functioning for example as a signal molecule. To test this, we carried out the same type of experiments that were performed with ApppA, AppppA (Pietrowska-Borek et al, 2011, 2014a and the cyclic nucleotides (Pietrowska-Borek and Nuc, 2013) mentioned above. We found that exogenous NH 2 -pA added to A. thaliana seedlings activated genes encoding proteins involved in the catalysis of six key reactions of the phenylpropanoid pathways and caused accumulation of compounds such as lignins, anthocyanins and salicylic acid (Fig.…”